History of Russia in crosswords, charades and riddles. History of the rebus History rebus

Puzzles on the history of the fatherland (collection)

Introduction

Rebus (from Latin rebus - “with the help of things”), the representation of a word or syllable through the image of an object, the name of which is consonant with the represented word or syllable. Several puzzles can be combined in one picture or as a sequence of pictures in order to make up a phrase or sentence. Literary puzzles use letters, numbers, musical notes, or specially arranged words to create sentences. Composite puzzles include pictures and letters. Rebuses can convey the direct meaning of words, mainly to inform or instruct illiterate people, or deliberately obscure their meaning to inform only the initiated, or when used as a riddle and entertainment.

In Europe, literary puzzles could often be seen on family mottos, personal seals, monograms, bookplates, and, finally, as entertainment or riddles. In England, a famous rebus is the IOU. Riddles in the form of pictures were widely used in advertising campaigns.

Historical motheral requires deep thinking, which is difficult task for students special (correctional) school,because their thinking “is characterized by inertia; they are bad poniesstudy material communicated to them. Considering this specialthe thinking ability of mentally retarded children, the teacher shouldcarefully select the facts and phenomena communicated to studentsand think carefully about the form of your presentation; only presensibly clear, concise, simple story can be accessed students.

Students of a special (correctional) school have poorcarry out the “transfer” of acquired knowledge to similar facts and phenomena. The teacher should take this feature into account and helpstudents, establish the necessary connections and relationships betweenhistorical events.In order to develop thinking, it is advisable to returnreferring to the same fact, historical term several times.

This collection “Rebuses on the History of the Fatherland” offers puzzles that may be of interest to teachers, teachers of special schools, as well as teachers from educational schools.

Conclusion

This collection “Rebuses on the history of the Fatherland, grade 8” offers puzzles that can be used in history lessons, as an introduction to new terms, as well as to consolidate them. Students in a special (correctional) school do a poor job of “transferring” acquired knowledge to similar facts and phenomena. The teacher must take this feature into account and help students establish the necessary connections and relationships between historical events. In order to develop thinking, it is advisable to return to the same fact, historical term several times. Therefore, the use of puzzles in lessons contributes to the development and correction of thinking, memorization of historical dates and names.

As part of the educational and methodological set “History of the Fatherland, 8th grade for schools of the VIII type”, this collection of tests is integral part set. All tests are presented in electronic form on disk. Students can use them independently to test and consolidate knowledge, as well as by the teacher at any stage of the lesson.

Bibliography

1. Petrova, L. V. Methods of teaching history in a special (correctional) school of the VIII type [Text] / L. V. Petrova. – M.: Vlados, 2003. – 208 p.

2. Puzanov, B.P. History of Russia: textbook. for 8th grade. special (correctional) educational institutions of the VIII type [Text] / B. P. Puzanov. – M.: VLADOS, 2004. - 312 p.

3. Smirnova, A. N. Correctional and educational work of a auxiliary school teacher: a manual for teachers and educators [Text] / A. N. Smirnova. - M.: Education, 1992. - 104 p.

Topic: ANCIENT ROME (puzzle lesson)

Goals: systematize knowledge about Ancient Rome, about outstanding personalities, events; consolidate students' knowledge of historical concepts; develop skills in working with various puzzles, learn to compose creative works; foster a sense of collectivism and cooperation when working in groups.

Equipment: puzzles, crosswords (for each group), task cards.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

The teacher talks about the goals and objectives of the lesson, distributes the class into groups.

II. Working in groups with puzzles.

1. Game “Learn the word” (memorable places of Rome).Insert the letters and explain the significance of these memorial sites for the Romans.

1) A r. (The amphitheater is a special structure for

gladiatorial games.)

1. 
   F m. (The Forum is the main square of the city of Rome.)
2. 
   You. (Thermal baths are Roman baths.)
3. 
   In the village (The water pipeline is an arched bridge across which

water flowed into the city.)

1. 
   K. (The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater in Rome.)

1. 
   M op e. (The Campus Martius is a wide plain outside the city wall where the citizens of Rome gathered.)
2. 
   P _ __ n. (The Pantheon is the “temple of all gods”, made of brick and concrete.)
3. 
   K aT a. (Trajan's Column is a column erected in honor of the emperor's victory on the Danube.)

1. 
   B yts k. (The Great Circus is the venue for

chariot races.)

2. Game "Changes" (gods of Rome).

Collect the name of the Roman god from letters, tell what you know about him. One letter in the upside down is extra.

NURTISA (Saturn is the god of agriculture and viticulture). TIRAPUE (Jupiter is the god of the sky, thunderstorms, king of the gods). ARKENEV (Venus is the goddess of gardens, love, beauty). RESMA (Mars is the god of war).

NASYUNO (Juno is the goddess of motherhood and women). SU VATE (Vesta is the goddess of the hearth). UTEPNIN (Neptune is the god of the sea, water). KUREMIYRA (Mercury is the god of trade).

3. Game “Logical chain” (events in the history of Rome).

Explain by what principle words are collected into one chain

and which word is superfluous in this list.

1) Tribune, juger, Gracchi, law, farmers, Brutus.

(The Gracchi brothers were tribunes of the people in Rome, they enforced the law according to which no family should use more than a thousand jugeras (about a quarter of hectares) of state land. The law on the redistribution of land was for the benefit of ordinary farmers. The extra word “Brutus” -Senator who killed Caesar.)

2) Carthage, Pyrrhus, legion, Hannibal, Mediterranean, Po.

(In the 3rd century BC, there were wars between Rome and Carthage for influence in the Mediterranean. The Carthaginian commander Hannibal attacked Rome, approached the Po River, united with the Gauls and fought the Roman legion. The extra word “Pyrrhus” is a commander, fought with the Gauls in the 4th century BC.)

3) Capua, Vesuvius, columns, Spartacus, Crassus, gladiators.

(In the gladiator school of Capua in 74 BC, an uprising broke out under the leadership of Spartacus. The escaped gladiators founded a camp on the top of the Vesuvius volcano, slaves from the surrounding estates came here, from here the rebels began their campaign across Italy. In 71 BC AD the army of Spartacus collided with the army of Crassus and was defeated. The extra word is “columns” - farmers who took the land for cultivation.)

4) Brennus, Scipio, Gauls, geese, gold, Capitol.

(In the 4th century BC, the Gauls attacked Rome from the north, the Romans were defeated, only the Capitoline Hill stood. The Romans were exhausted and did not hear the approach of the enemy. Geese - sacred birds, hearing extraneous noise, woke up and woke up all the Romans with their cackling The Gaul leader Brenn demanded gold from the Romans in order to pay off the extra word “Scipio” - the commander who defeated Hannibal.)

5) Constantine, Byzantium, Nero, emperor, bishop, church.

(Under Emperor Constantine inIVcentury, the capital of the empire was moved to the site of the Greek city of Byzantium. Under him, a lot was done for Christians: Christian organizations were created-churches, the priests chose a leader - the bishop. Extra word "Nero" - sinister emperorIcentury AD e.)

Vertical: 2. The Gracchi law on the redistribution of land. 4. Battle of Cannes. 5. Establishment of the republic. 6. Fall of the Roman Empire.

5. Crossword.

This task can be given instead of a crossword puzzle. The teacher asks the first word, asks what it means, and invites the children to continue working on their crossword puzzle. Teams receive points for crossing lines and for explanation.

For example:

						5
4		1		2	8	0
7	5	3		1
6		3	2	6

2) Questions:

1. One of the legendary founders of Rome. 2. Settlers from conquered lands. 3. Council of Elders. 4. Lord of Rome. 5. Ruler of Rome during the Republic. 6. An official elected from among the plebeians. 7. Slaves performing in amphitheaters. 8. A ruler with unlimited power. 9. Farmers who took land for cultivation. 10. Descendants of the founders of Rome.

• 
  What keyword came out horizontally?
• 
  What does this concept mean?

(Republic- a form of government in which government becomes a "public matter".)

	tg			To
				ABOUT	h
			4 and	n	R
	l		m	With	And	V	a d		10 p
"R	e	-*With	P	U	b	l	And	y k	A
ABOUT	b	e	With	l	U	A	To	ABOUT	T
m	e	n	R		11	d	T	l	R
U	And	A	And			And	A	ABOUT	And
l		T	I			A	T	n	ts
						T	O	s	And
						O	R		And
						R
						s

							X
							R
R	e	With	P	U	b	l	And	To	A
							With			T
							T			R
			P	A	T	R	And	ts	And	And
							A			b
							And			U
							e			n

6. Keyward (catchphrase).

1

2

3

5	19	10	13	1	8	13	14
O	To	T	A	V	And	A	n

When looking at portraits of famous Romans, you need to put the corresponding names instead of numbers and change the numbers to letters in the key phrase. If the class is not strong or there is little time left in the lesson, you can give portraits with numbers and ready-made names, this will speed up the completion of the task.

4

5 6

5

7

8

12	8	6	6
P	And	R	R

7	13	14	14	8	15	13	20
G	A	n	II	AND	b	A	l

16	3	17 | 13		b	18
ts	With	3	A	R	b

14	3	6	5	14
n	e	R	O	n

13	1	7	9	2	10
A	V	G	U	With	T

32

Do you like to solve riddles? Then guess what we are talking about.

A joke riddle in which a word or phrase is depicted in the form of pictures in combination with letters, numbers and other symbols. Did you guess it?

That's right, it's a rebus. In our understanding, a rebus is a kind of riddle where a word or even a phrase is presented in the form of pictures or symbols. It is believed that the word “rebus” itself was born from the Latin phrase “not with words, but with the help of things.”

We often encounter puzzles in our lives. Do you know the history of the appearance of puzzles?

The history of puzzles began a long time ago. In the 15th century in France, farcical performances were called rebus. Later, in the 16th century, such fun was prohibited and a pun based on a play on words began to be called a rebus. Often it was a riddle consisting of images of various objects, numbers or letters. And in this form the rebus has reached us.

In 1783, the English artist and engraver Thomas Bewick printed an unusual Bible for children in the London printing house of T. Hodgson. He retells the events of Holy Scripture in the form of puzzles. Such a Bible began to be called “hieroglyphic”. In the text, some words are replaced with pictures. A few years later, in 1788, the American publisher Isaiah Thomas publishes the hieroglyphic Bible overseas. Such unusual hieroglyphic Bibles became very popular at the end of the 18th century, as they made it easier and more interesting to teach the Holy Scriptures to children.

The well-known author of “Alice in Wonderland” and “Alice Through the Looking Glass,” Lewis Carroll, often used puzzles in his correspondence with young readers. In his letters, he often replaced some words with pictures or depicted letters in a mirror image. Reading such mysterious letters required ingenuity, which, of course, the children really liked.

In the second half of the 19th century, puzzles began to be widely used in society.

It is interesting that even during the war, puzzles were held in high esteem. During the Great Patriotic War, in 1942, the Moscow printing factory of the Moskvoretsky industrial trade produced a collection of puzzles by A.A. Ryazanov “In leisure hours: puzzles” (illustrations by I. Telyatnikov). They were intended for adults. In 1945, after the end of the war, a small brochure by artist-illustrator and illusionist Georgy Kelsievich Bedarev “Rebuses” was published.

In the post-war period, puzzles began to focus on children's audiences. Currently, puzzles are intended for both adults and children. It is difficult to find a children's magazine or educational manual that does not contain puzzles. Children are often given similar tasks at school and are even given the task of coming up with puzzles.

Regardless of who the puzzles are intended for, the rules for guessing them are the same. In order to correctly guess the rebus, of course, you need to know these rules.

Try to solve a few puzzles, huh.

The mystery of the puzzles.

Rebus (from Latin"rebus" - “with the help of things”), the representation of a word or syllable using an image of an object, the name of which is consonant with the represented word or syllable. Simply put, it is a riddle in which unraveled words or expressions in the form of pictures are combined with letters and some other symbols.

Several puzzles can be combined in one picture or as a sequence of pictures in order to make up a phrase or sentence. Literary puzzles use letters, numbers, musical notes, or specially arranged words to create sentences. Composite puzzles include pictures and letters. Rebuses can convey the direct meaning of words, mainly to inform or instruct illiterate people, or deliberately obscure their meaning to inform only the initiated, or when used as a riddle and entertainment.

An early form of the rebus is found in picture writing, in which abstract words, difficult to depict, were represented by images of objects whose names were pronounced in a similar way. Such puzzles are similar to the hieroglyphs of Egypt and the pictographs of early China. Rebus images were used to represent the names of cities on Greek and Roman coins, or to represent family surnames in the medieval age.

The history of puzzles :

The first puzzles appeared in France in XV century. Then it was a farce show on the topic of the day. In an allegorical form, the comedians ridiculed the vices and weaknesses of the powerful of this world, and talked “about the things that are going on.” Over time, the nature of the rebus changed. A pun based on a play on words began to be called a rebus.

Around the same time, the first drawn puzzles appeared. Initially, they literally illustrated well-known phraseological units; later, more complex versions appeared.

IN XVI century, drawn puzzles became known in England, Germany, Italy, but in none of these countries were they widely developed.

Professional artists took part in their design. The first printed collection of puzzles compiled Etienne Taboureau, appeared in France in 1582.

In Russia, puzzles appeared later - in the middle XIX century, the first puzzles appeared on the pages of the magazine “Illustration” in 1845. Puzzles drawn by the artist were very popular Volkov in the magazine "Niva". Later, a special magazine “Rebus” began to be published.

About the benefits of solving puzzles :

“We know a lot of serious people,” wrote one of the magazines, who happily devote their leisure hours to solving puzzles and especially recommend this activity to young people as a distinctive gymnastics for the mind...” It also sharpens one’s intelligence, develops the ability to complete a task that has been started, and helps to intensify communication between people.

Rebus riddles for children have many positive aspects:

1. Promote the development of thinking.
2. They train intelligence, logic, intuition, and ingenuity.
3. They help the child expand his horizons, remember new words and objects.
4. Train visual memory, spelling Unlike a regular riddle, where only a verbal description in poetry or prose is used, rebuses combine several methods of perception, both verbal and visual.

Types of puzzles .

• Puzzles-riddles represent a double task: having solved the rebus, you will read the riddle, but the riddle must be solved.
• Add and subtract puzzles differ from ordinary ones in that the value of the image following the minus sign is not added to the already obtained combination of words, but is subtracted from it.
• Rebus jokes- this is a comic riddle in verse.
• Puzzles-proverbs represent an encrypted proverb that needs to be unraveled and its meaning explained.
• Sound puzzle- these are riddle exercises that allow you to practice the skill of merging syllables.
• Rebus story consists of a large puzzle that needs to be solved and a story made up.
• Rebus problem- this is a rebus that needs to be solved and the problem solved. It consists of several puzzles.
• Number puzzles- these are puzzles that improve the ability to understand and comprehend the positional principle when writing numbers in the decimal system.

Rules for solving puzzles :

• a word or sentence is divided into parts that can be depicted as a picture
• the names of all objects depicted in the picture should be read only in the nominative case;
• if the object in the picture is upside down, its name is read from right to left;
• if there are commas (one or more) to the left of the picture, then the first letters of the word are not readable. If commas are placed after the picture, to the right of it, the last letters are not readable;
• if a crossed out letter is depicted above the picture, it must be excluded from the name of the item;
• if there are numbers above the picture, the letters should be read in the indicated order;
• if another letter is written next to a crossed out letter, it should be read instead of the crossed out one. Sometimes in this case an equal sign is placed between the letters;
• if part of the word is pronounced as a numeral, in the rebus it is represented by numbers and numbers (O5 - again; 100G - haystack);
• if the picture does not have any additional characters, only the first letter of the name of the depicted object should be taken into account;
• Many parts of encrypted words are indicated by the corresponding arrangement of letters and pictures. Words that contain the combination of letters on, under, over, for, can be represented by placing letters or objects one above the other or behind the other. The letters C and B can become prepositions. If a letter is made up of other letters, the preposition from is used when reading.

Rules for composing puzzles :

1. The names of all objects depicted in the rebus read only in the nominative case And singular. Sometimes the desired object in the picture is indicated by an arrow.

2. Very often, an object depicted in a rebus may have not one, but two or more titles, for example “eye” and “eye”, “leg” and “paw”, etc. Or it may have one general and one specific name, for example, “wood” and “oak,” “note” and “D,” etc. You need to choose the one that makes sense.

The ability to identify and correctly name the object shown in the picture is one of the main difficulties when deciphering puzzles. In addition to knowing the rules, you will need ingenuity and logic.

3. Sometimes the name of an item cannot be used in its entirety - it is necessary drop one or two letters at the beginning or end of a word. In these cases it is used symbol- comma. If the comma is to the left of the picture, then this means that the first letter of its name must be discarded; if it is to the right of the picture, then the last letter. If there are two commas, then two letters are discarded accordingly, etc. For example, “yoke” is drawn, you only need to read “whirlpool”, “sail” is drawn, you only need to read “steam”.

4. If two objects or two letters are drawn one inside the other, then their names can be read with adding the preposition "in". For example: “v-oh-yes”, or “not-in-a”, or “in-oh-seven”:

In this and the following five examples, different readings are possible, for example, instead of“eight” can be read “SEVEN”, and instead of “water” - “DAVO” . But such words do not exist! This is where they should come to your aid. ingenuity and logic.

5. If any letter consists of another letter, then read with adding "from". For example: “iz-b-a” or “vn-iz-u” or “f-iz-ik”:

6. If behind a letter or object there is another letter or object, then you need to read with adding "for".
For example: “Ka-za-n”, “za-ya-ts”.

7. If one figure or letter is drawn under another, then you need to read from adding “on”, “above” or “under”- choose a preposition that makes sense. For example: “fo-na-ri” or “pod-u-shka”:

The phrase: “Tit found a horseshoe and gave it to Nastya” can be depicted like this:

8. If another letter is written after a letter, then read with adding "by". For example: “po-r-t”, “po-l-e”, “po-ya-s”:

9. If one letter lies next to another, leaning against it, then read with adding "y". For example: “L-u-k”, “d-u-b”:

10. If in a rebus there is an image of an object drawn upside down, then its name is needed read from the end. For example, “cat” is drawn, you need to read “current”, “nose” is drawn, you need to read “dream”.

11. If an object is drawn, and a letter is written next to it and then crossed out, this means that this letter must be discard from received word. If there is another letter above the crossed out letter, then this means that you need to use it replace the crossed out one. Sometimes in this case an equal sign is placed between the letters. For example: “eye” we read “gas”, “bone” we read “guest”:

12. If there are numbers above the picture, for example, 4, 2, 3, 1, then this means that read first the fourth letter of the name of the object shown in the figure, then the second, followed by the third, etc., that is, the letters are read in the order indicated by the numbers. For example, a “mushroom” is drawn, we read “brig”:

13. If next to the picture there are two numbers with arrows pointing in different sides, which means that in the word it is necessary Swap the letters indicated by numbers. For example, "lock" = "dab".

14. The use of an arrow going from one letter to another also serves to indicate the corresponding replacement of letters. The arrow can also be deciphered as preposition "K". For example, “The letters AP go with FIR” = “DROPS”

15. When composing a rebus, Roman numerals can also be used. For example, “forty A” we read “forty”.

16. If any figure in a rebus is drawn running, sitting, lying, etc., then the corresponding verb in the third person of the present tense (runs, sits, lies, etc.) must be added to the name of this figure. For example"r-runs."

17. Very often in puzzles, individual syllables “do”, “re”, “mi”, “fa” are represented by the corresponding notes. For example, words written in notes read: “do-la”, “fa-sol”:

Since not everyone knows the notes and position on the staff, we present their names.

Other signs are also possible in rebuses: names chemical elements, all kinds of scientific terms, special characters: “@” - dog, “#” - sharp, “%” - percentage, “&” - ampersand, “()” - parentheses, “~” - tilde,« :) » - emoticon, “§” - paragraph and others.

In complex puzzles, the listed techniques are most often combined.

“The red maiden sits in prison, and the scythe is on the street”

Rebuses is a means of increasing information culture. By independently composing puzzles, information search skills, creativity, and intellectual abilities are developed.