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What metal are 10 ruble coins made from? Coins of modern Russia. How coins are made video

In 1992, the State Bank of the USSR was renamed the Bank of Russia and received an emblem - a double-headed eagle without crowns according to a drawing by I.Ya. Bilibina. From that time on, the emblem began to be placed on the front side of all state coins, and the denomination was indicated on the back. In 1992, coins with denominations from 5 to 100 rubles were issued, which were in circulation along with USSR coins. In 1993, the metal changed, the designs remained the same, and USSR coins were excluded from circulation. Coins of the first type were partially issued until 1996. After the reform of 1998, coins of the 1997 model were put into circulation in denominations from 1 kopeck to 5 rubles. In addition, commemorative and commemorative coins with denominations of up to 10 rubles are minted in limited editions. Since 2009, a steel coin with a brass coating has been added to the bimetallic 10-ruble coin, and in 2006 and 2009 the metal of other regularly minted coins gradually changed. Since 2016, all coins without exception have featured the coat of arms of the Russian Federation instead of the emblem of the Bank of Russia. Bimetallic tens were produced until 2017, after which they began to be made of steel, like all others. In addition, the Bank of Russia sells a large number of anniversary and commemorative coins made of precious metals that do not enter free circulation.

Regularly minted coins

At the end of 1992, the first coins with the emblem of the Bank of Russia (a double-headed eagle without crowns) appeared in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1993, cheaper blanks were used with the same stamps: for 10 and 20 rubles made of magnetic metal, and for 50 and 100 rubles made of solid alloy, 1 and 5 rubles were no longer issued. In 1995-1996, a 50 ruble coin made of magnetic metal with the date “1993” was issued with 1993 stamps. Among all these coins there were “mix-ups” - issued on a blank for a different denomination, or on a blank from a different year; they are highly valued by collectors.

In 1997, for the upcoming redenomination of the ruble, coins in denominations of 1 and 5 kopecks were issued from steel clad with cupronickel. Their production continued unchanged for 13 years, after which, due to the gradual depreciation of the ruble, the issue became irrelevant. In 2014, a limited edition of coins was produced for the needs of Crimea, annexed to Russia; these coins are practically not found in other regions.

Coins of the 1997 model in denominations of 10 and 50 kopecks made of brass were issued without changes until mid-2006, after which they began to be made from cheaper steel coated with the tombac alloy. The new coins have magnetic properties, a smooth edge (also cheaper to produce) and a more reddish tint.

Coins of the 1997 model in denominations of 10 and 50 kopecks made of brass were issued without changes until mid-2006, after which they began to be made from cheaper steel coated with the tombac alloy. New coins have magnetic properties, a smooth edge (also... ()

Coins with the obverse of the 1997 sample (the denomination is below, the inscription is straight) were issued for three years (on coins of 1997 the sign mint MMD has a more complex structure). Then production was suspended (with the exception of a few rare copies). Since 2002, coins with a new obverse (denomination at the top) have been issued, which are still issued (coins from 2002 exist only in sets). In 2009, there was a change in the metal of the coins (now they are minted from cheaper steel with nickel galvanization), at the same time a new coin with a face value of 10 rubles appeared (in addition to the already existing commemorative bimetallic coins). Since 2016, the emblem of the Bank of Russia on the obverse of all coins has been replaced by the state emblem.

Coins with the obverse of the 1997 sample (the denomination is below, the inscription is straight) were issued for three years (on the coins of 1997, the MMD mint mark has a more complex structure). Then the release was suspended (with the exception of a few rarities... ()

Base metal commemorative coins

Since 1992, the minting of anniversary and commemorative coins from base metals has continued, but with different symbols and the inscription “Bank of Russia”. Coins from 1992-1995 were issued in proof and uncirculated quality and were not released into free circulation. In 1995 and 1996, two series of regular quality coins were issued in brass and nickel alloy, which were sold in sets.

Since 1992, the minting of anniversary and commemorative coins from base metals has continued, but with different symbols and the inscription “Bank of Russia”. Coins of 1992-1995 were issued in proof and uncirculated quality and did not enter free circulation... ()

In 2000, in honor of the celebration of the 55th anniversary of the Great Victory, a series of 7 two-ruble coins was minted, dedicated to Russian cities with the title “Hero City”. The circulation of each coin was 10 million pieces, they entered free circulation. In connection with the return of Crimea to Russia in 2014, the hero cities of Sevastopol and Kerch also became part of Russia, coins with their image were issued in 2017 with a circulation of 5 million pieces.

On September 8, 1802, Alexander I issued a manifesto on the formation of a committee of ministers, which became the basis for the modern system of government organization. In honor of the 200th anniversary of this event, in 2002, a series of bimetallic 10-ruble coins was issued depicting modern emblems of ministries dating back to 1802.

On September 8, 1802, Alexander I issued a manifesto on the formation of a committee of ministers, which became the basis for the modern system of government organization. In honor of the 200th anniversary of this event, a series of bimetallic 10-ruble coins was released in 2002... ()

Ancient cities include settlements, which played an important role before the unification of lands around Moscow. Their list is controversial and changes all the time. According to various sources, there can be from 100 to 500 such cities. A series of bimetallic coins depicting the main attractions of ancient Russian cities began to be issued in 2002 and continues to this day. There is no exact information about which cities will appear on the coins.

Ancient cities include settlements that played an important role before the unification of lands around Moscow. Their list is controversial and changes all the time. According to various sources, there can be from 100 to 500 such cities. A series of bimetallic coins with... ()

Since 2005, bimetallic coins dedicated to the regions of the Russian Federation have been issued. The reverse of such coins depicts the region's coat of arms and its name. The selection of regions is carried out in a chaotic manner. In 2006, the coin “Chita Region” was issued, and already in 2008 the region was merged with the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, as a result of which the Trans-Baikal Territory was formed. Thus, this coin is dedicated to a non-existent region.

From 2007 to 2012, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, 40 Russian cities were awarded the title "City military glory"for their courage, perseverance and heroism in the struggle for the freedom and independence of the Fatherland. Since 2011, the production of coins with the image of these cities began. 8 coins are issued annually from steel with brass galvanizing. Outwardly, they are similar to ordinary tens, but have a different obverse, and on the reverse is the city's coat of arms.

From 2007 to 2012, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, 40 Russian cities were awarded the title “City of Military Glory” for their courage, resilience and heroism in the struggle for freedom and independence of the Fatherland. Since 2011, the production of coins with the image began... ()

From 2011 to 2013 for the upcoming XXII Winter Olympic Games A large series of coins was issued in Sochi, including coins made of base metals. Coins of the new denomination - 25 rubles - were intended for collectors and were issued in blister packs; they were practically never seen in circulation. Coins with color images in a special gift booklet were produced in small editions.

From 2011 to 2013, a large series of coins was issued for the upcoming XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, including coins made of base metals. Coins of the new denomination - 25 rubles were intended for collectors and were issued... ()

In 2012, the 200th anniversary of the victory over Napoleonic army was solemnly celebrated. In honor of this event, a series of 2 ruble coins was issued, dedicated to the heroes of the War of 1812, as well as 5 ruble coins depicting monuments built in honor of the main battles. The collection is completed by a 10-ruble coin depicting the Arc de Triomphe in Moscow, built 20 years after the end of the war.

In 2012, the 200th anniversary of the victory over Napoleonic army was solemnly celebrated. In honor of this event, a series of coins in denomination of 2 rubles was issued, dedicated to the heroes of the War of 1812, as well as 5 ruble coins with images of monuments, so... ()

In 2014, on the eve of the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory, five-ruble coins were issued depicting monuments to the largest battles of 1941-1945. They are the size of ordinary five-ruble coins and are made of the same metal (nickel-plated steel). In April 2015, three bimetallic 10-ruble coins were issued. Also, in the second half of 2015 and 2016, two more series of five-ruble coins are planned: “Feats of the Crimean people during the war” and “Capitals liberated by Russian soldiers,” which can also be classified as anniversary coins in honor of the 70th anniversary of the Victory.

In June-July 2018, the final games of the FIFA World Cup will be held in 11 cities of Russia. For this event, it is planned to release a series of collectible coins made of gold and silver, as well as 25-ruble coins of regular design in several versions. The release of 25-ruble coins is planned in several stages, each version will have two versions: colorless and coins with pad printing. Like the previous ones from Sochi, the colored ones will be released in limited edition blisters, and the regular ones should go into circulation. This section presents only 25-ruble notes issued to date.

In June-July 2018, the final games of the FIFA World Cup will be held in 11 cities of Russia. For this event, it is planned to issue a series of collectible coins made of gold and silver, as well as 25-ruble coins of regular design in... ()

Since 1999, commemorative and commemorative coins have been issued, dedicated to various events and anniversaries. Denomination - 1, 2 and 10 rubles. In 1999 and 2001, coins were made from a copper-nickel alloy, in 2000, 2005 and 2010 - from bimetal, and in 2010, the production of steel coins with brass galvanizing began.

A series of 25-ruble coins issued since 2017. Each coin is dedicated to one Russian (Soviet) cartoon and is made in two versions - color (circulation 50 thousand) and regular (circulation 450 thousand).

Commemorative coins made of silver and gold

In 1992, the minting of commemorative gold collection coins, which began in the USSR, was continued. The coins do not enter free circulation and are sold by banks at a special price, which is tens or even hundreds of times more than their face value. Almost all coins are made in proof quality (with the exception of some from the Russian Ballet series) and are packaged in special capsules. Coin denominations of this period: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 1000, 10,000 rubles.

Every year, the Bank of Russia issues 10-20 gold collectible coins dedicated to various historical events, cultural figures, anniversaries, etc. The coins are made of proof quality and packaged in special capsules; they do not go into free circulation and are sold by banks at a special price, which is tens or even hundreds of times more than their face value. Coin denominations of this period: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 1000, 10,000 rubles.

Every year, the Bank of Russia issues 10-20 gold collectible coins dedicated to various historical events, cultural figures, anniversaries, etc. The coins are made in proof quality and are packaged in special capsules; they are not released into the public domain... ()

In 1992, the minting of commemorative silver collection coins, which began in the USSR, was continued. The coins are dedicated to various events in history, anniversaries, cultural figures, etc.; they do not go into free circulation and are sold by banks at a special price, which is hundreds of times higher than their face value. All coins are made of proof quality and packaged in special capsules.

Every year, the Bank of Russia issues about 30-50 silver collectible coins dedicated to various historical events, anniversaries, cultural figures, etc. These coins are made of proof quality and packaged in special capsules; they do not go into free circulation and are sold by banks at a special price, which is hundreds of times more than their face value.

Every year, the Bank of Russia issues about 30-50 silver collectible coins dedicated to various historical events, anniversaries, cultural figures, etc. These coins are made in proof quality and are packaged in special capsules; they are not delivered... ()

Daria Nikitina

Reading time: 4 minutes

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Recently it became known that the Central Bank is preparing to replace the old ten-ruble paper bills with new ten ruble coins, which will go into circulation on October 1, 2009. This also applies to old coins with a face value of 10 rubles, which were issued in limited quantities - they will be replaced with new ones.

New ten-ruble coins will gradually replace paper tens. According to experts, by the end of this year paper tens will still prevail in Russia, but in subsequent years new ten-ruble coins will completely replace them (as was the case with the five-ruble bill).

Why are new ten-ruble coins being introduced?

Of course, the reason for this idea is to save money. It is planned to save as much as 18 billion rubles on replacement within 10 years. The thing is that a paper ten wears out very quickly, which leads to the loss of its appearance within a year. And an iron 10-ruble coin will live for 25 - 30 years.

Photos of new ten-ruble coins

The new ten-ruble coins are made of galvanized steel. Compared to old coins, the size and weight of new coins will decrease: the weight will be 5.6 g instead of the previous ones 8.5 g. The diameter will be 22 mm, thickness 2.2 mm.

According to the director of the cash circulation department of the Central Bank Alexandra Yurova, a new ten-ruble coin in your wallet will be more convenient. He also said that the Central Bank is transitioning to new technologies for issuing coins, as a result of which the issue of 2-ruble, five- and ten-ruble coins will become break-even.

Let's compare the old and new 10-ruble coins.
As you can see in the photo below, the new chervonets is noticeably smaller in size than the old one. To be honest, I like a paper bill better than a piece of hardware - it’s more pleasant to hold in your hands and more convenient to pay in a store. However, with the introduction new coin to the general public, it is possible that opinion will change. Wait and see.

More photos (click on photo to enlarge)


The size of the new ten rubles is slightly larger than a ruble coin and slightly smaller than 2 rubles

If you look at the coin from a certain angle, small inscriptions will appear in the large zero RUB And 10

A coin is a monetary sign made of metal that serves as a legal means of circulation and payment. Most often, coins are round, less often oval in shape. Previously, coins were minted or cast from copper, silver or gold. Modern coins are usually made from alloys of aluminum, copper or nickel. The name “coin” comes, as scientists believe, from the second name of the Roman goddess Juno, at whose temple in ancient Rome minted money. Juno was called the Mentor, which in Latin sounded like Juno Coin.

For each coin, it is customary to distinguish between the front (it is called the obverse) and reverse side(it's called reverse). The side edge of a coin, its edge, is called the edge. The science that comprehensively studies the history of monetary circulation and coinage is numismatics.

After a short excursion into history, we will tell you how coins are made at a modern mint.

Coin making process

First, the designer develops a sketch of the coin on paper, and then creates it 3D model in enlarged form. Then the model is covered with a thick layer of silicone-based rubber, which conveys the entire relief of the model in the smallest detail. When the rubber hardens, it is carefully removed and a kind of “negative” of the coin is obtained - the convex parts of the image become concave and, conversely, the concave parts become convex. The resulting negative mold is filled with epoxy resin and waited for it to harden, after which the epoxy copy is removed from the silicone mold.
A special reduction machine transfers the image from the epoxy copy to a master stamp made of steel. During the transfer process, the image is reduced, and the size of the resulting stamp already corresponds to the specified dimensions of the future coin.
Based on the main master die, working dies are created from high-strength steel. They are hardened, polished and then chrome plated to give them extra strength and increase their service life.
On special presses, round blanks of coins are cut and their edge is processed, applying the necessary inscriptions and notches to it.
After this, the workpiece is heated, cooled, etched and polished to a mirror shine. The blank is now ready to be loaded into the coin press.
Steel punches strike both sides of the coin at the same time, after which the new and shiny finished coins just need to be counted and packaged.

This concludes our story about how coins are made. Finally, some information about Russian coins.

Modern coins of Russia

Now in circulation are coins of the 1997 model in denominations of one, five, ten and fifty kopecks, as well as one, five, ten and twenty-five rubles. Now a few words about what metal coins are made of. One- and five-kopeck coins are minted from cupronickel-clad steel, ten and fifty kopecks are made from brass, one- and two-ruble coins are made from copper-nickel alloy, and ten rubles are made from brass-plated steel.
Modern Russian coins are minted at two mints - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Coins are marked with the mark of the mint where they were minted. Sometimes you come across coins that do not have such a mark due to technical irregularities in the minting process. Coins without a mint mark are extremely rare and therefore very expensive. So, for example, for a five-kopeck coin from 2002 that does not have a hallmark, collectors are willing to pay five thousand rubles, and a 50-kopeck coin from 2001 with the hallmark of the Moscow Mint will bring its lucky owner an incredible amount - as much as one hundred thousand rubles!

More than a thousand years have passed since the appearance of the first Russian coins. Over the centuries, the appearance and size of coins changed significantly, but until the 20s of the twentieth century, the metal from which they were made remained almost unchanged. Coins were usually made from silver. Previously, money was called “silver”, that is, “silver”. Gold coins came into circulation only in the era of Peter I, and before that they were almost never used. The purchasing power of the coin was fully consistent with the price of the metal from which it was made, which excluded inflation and counterfeiting. However, counterfeit coins still met: they had less weight or purity, although visually they were almost indistinguishable from the original ones.

Since the 15th century, attempts have been made repeatedly to introduce copper coins, since silver, due to population growth, was no longer enough. In 1662 the famous " Copper Riot" - uprising lower layers society against the introduction of copper coins, which were equal in weight and face value to silver coins.

Silver

Silver has been used to produce coins in Rus' since the times of “srebreniks” (the first Russian coins of the 10th-11th centuries). From the 15th century it began to be partially replaced by copper, and from the beginning of the 18th century by gold. During times Russian Empire Coins in denominations ranging from 1 kopeck (early 18th century) to ruble were made from silver. From the middle of the 19th century until 1916, silver coins were in denominations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 50 kopecks, as well as 1 ruble (sterling silver was used). In 1921, the government of the RSFSR introduced silver coins in denominations of 10, 15, 20, 50 kopecks and 1 ruble (the fineness and weight corresponded to the tsarist times of 1868-1917). In 1924, the last silver ruble was issued, and in 1927, the last fifty dollars. Silver 10, 15 and 20 kopecks were issued until 1931.

From 1977 to the present, collectible silver coins have been produced in PROOF and Uncirculated quality, the weight of which is equivalent to a troy ounce. In 1995, the Bank of Russia issued a commemorative coin of Proof quality weighing 1 kilogram, and in 2003 - the first coin weighing 3 kilograms.

Since 1995, the Bank of Russia has been issuing investment silver coins of Uncirculated quality, which are sold by various banks at prices close to the market value of silver.

Gold

In Rus', gold was first used for the production of coins back in the 10th century. Only a few “zlatniks” are known to exist, which together with “srebreniks” are considered the first Russian coins. Further, for several centuries, this metal was not used, and only in the 15th century gold coins began to be minted in a very limited edition. During the time of Peter I, the gold coin became a common means of payment along with silver and copper coins. Coins with denominations higher than 1 ruble were minted from gold.

Since the middle of the 19th century, gold coins in denominations of 5 and 10 rubles were issued (900 gold was used), and during the time of Nicholas II, an “Imperial” coin was added to them, the nominal value of which was 15 rubles. In 1923, the first (and only) Soviet gold coin of regular mintage was issued - 1 chervonets, the size and weight of which corresponded to 10 royal rubles. In the 1970s and 1980, several million new gold chervonets were produced, which can still be purchased from banks as bullion coins.

From 1977 to the present, collectible gold coins have been produced in PROOF and Uncirculated quality, the weight of which is equivalent to a troy ounce. In 1996, the Bank of Russia issued the first anniversary coin of Proof quality weighing 1 kilogram, in 2003 a coin weighing 3 kilograms, and in 2010 - 5 kilograms.

Since 1995, the Bank of Russia has been issuing investment gold coins of Uncirculated quality, which are sold by banks at prices close to the market value of silver.

Copper

Copper in production Russian coins was first used in the 15th century in Novgorod (scale-like coins - "pulo" - were made from it). In the second half of the 17th century, an attempt was made to introduce copper coins into circulation, which were equal in weight and face value to silver coins. In this regard, the famous “Copper Riot” of 1662 occurred, after which the minting of copper coins was stopped.

Copper coin 5 kopecks 1911

Starting from 1700-1704, all small denomination coins began to be minted from copper - from half a half (1/8 kopeck) to a kopeck, and from 1723 - nickels. Since the mid-19th century, coins in denominations of 1/2, 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks have been produced from copper. In 1924-1925, copper coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks, which repeated the size of the coins of the Russian Empire of 1868-1917, but had Soviet symbols. From 1925 to 1928, a limited edition of a half-kopeck coin was produced. From 1997 to the first half of 2009, the Bank of Russia issued five-ruble notes copper coin, which had a nickel silver coating. Then they began to produce it from steel.

Kolyvan copper

Siberian coin 2 kopecks 1780

In 1763, the Cabinet of Her Imperial Majesty sent a request to the office of the Kolyvan-Voznesensk factories about the possibility of using copper, obtained as a by-product when smelting silver and gold from ore, for the minting of copper coins. The factory office reported that there was enough copper (more than 500 tons, which should be enough for 4 years of minting, and taking into account the copper mined during this period - for 5 years), but a certain amount of silver and gold remained in it (“... not a small amount number of silver and a notable particle of gold,” according to initial calculations, their shares were 0.79% for silver and 0.01% for gold per pood), and therefore mint a copper coin from it according to the usual foot (16 rubles per pood) “.. .not only unprofitable, but also regrettable.” The President of the Coinage Department, Actual State Councilor I. Schlatter, calculated the foot for the Kolyvan alloy, based on the existing coin feet for copper, silver and gold coins. The silver content corresponded to 7 rubles. 35.59 kopecks, gold - 1 rub. 1.02 kopecks, copper - 15 rubles. 87 kopecks The total was 24 rubles. 24 kopecks from a pood, but in case there were a little more precious metals, Schlatter rounded up the foot to 25 rubles.

From 1763 to 1781, coins of the following denominations were minted from Kolyvan copper in a 25-ruble foot: polushka (1/4 kopeck), denga (1/2 kopeck), kopeck, 2 kopecks, 5 kopecks and 10 kopecks. From regular coins they differed in size, weight, the inscription “Siberian coin” and the coat of arms of Siberia on the obverse.

Platinum

In the period from 1828 to 1845, platinum coins of unusual denominations - 3, 6 and 12 rubles - were issued in limited editions. Thus, an attempt was made to reduce gold consumption. These coins were often confused with silver coins, so platinum had to be abandoned. From 1977 to 1995, commemorative and commemorative coins were minted from platinum in PROOF and Uncirculated quality, the weight of which was equal to a troy ounce.

Palladium

From 1977 to 1995, commemorative and commemorative coins were minted from palladium in PROOF and Uncirculated quality, the weight of which was equal to a troy ounce.

Bronze

The first bronze coins appeared in the USSR in 1926, replacing more expensive copper coins. Until 1958, several types of bronze coins were minted in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks. Then they were replaced by coins made of copper-zinc alloy, which were more durable. In 1991, bronze was used to produce bimetallic ten-ruble coins, and in 1992 - fifty- and hundred-ruble coins.

Copper-nickel alloy

In 1958, 50 kopecks, 1, 2, 3 and 5 rubles were produced from a copper-nickel alloy. These coins were issued in a very limited edition and did not go into circulation. From 1961 to 1991, coins in denominations of 10, 15, 20, 50 kopecks and 1 ruble were issued from this alloy.

During the years of perestroika from 1991 to 1993, the copper-nickel alloy was used in the production of coins with denominations from 50 kopecks to 100 rubles (including bimetallic ones). From 1997 to the first half of 2009, this alloy was used to mint coins in denominations of 1 and 2 rubles. From 1965 to 2000, commemorative and commemorative coins were minted from copper-nickel alloy PROOF quality, Uncirculated and regular.

Copper Nickel Alloy Options:
cupronickel (copper + 5-30% nickel + no more than 0.8% iron + no more than 1% manganese);
nickel silver (an alloy of copper with 5-35% nickel and 13-45% zinc);
monel metal (nickel-based alloy, contains up to 30% copper).

Brass

Brass was first used in coin production in 1992, when it was used to coat steel ruble and five-ruble coins for corrosion protection. In 1995, it was used to cover steel 50-ruble coins of the 1993 model, which were previously bronze. In 1996, a series of brass coins was produced to commemorate the 300th anniversary Russian fleet. In 1997-2006, ten- and 50-kopeck coins were minted from brass. Currently, the Bank of Russia issues steel coins with a denomination of 10 rubles with brass electroplating. A ring for a modern bimetallic ten-ruble coin is also made from brass.

Copper-zinc alloy (a type of brass)

It was used in 1961-1991 for the production of coins in denominations of 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks. In addition, in 1991-1994, a circle for bimetallic commemorative coins of the “Red Book” series was minted from a copper-zinc alloy, and in 1993, 50-ruble coins were made from it.

Cupronickel

Cupronickel (a type of copper-nickel alloy) was used in 1992-1993 to coat steel coins of 10 and 20 rubles. From 1997 to 2009, this alloy was used to coat the copper five-ruble coin and steel coins of 1 and 5 kopecks. In addition, the inner circle for the modern bimetallic ten-ruble coin is made from cupronickel.

Steel

The first coins made of steel appeared in the early 90s, when due to hyperinflation it was necessary to abandon expensive alloys. From 1997 to 2009, steel coins in denominations of 1 and 5 kopecks were issued; since 2006, in order to reduce the cost of producing steel coins, ten- and 50-kopeck coins began to be produced. Since 2009, all Russian coins have been made of steel with various coatings.

Nickel

In 1931, replaced silver coins in denominations of 10, 15 and 20 kopecks came nickel coins of the same denomination. This marked the beginning of the depreciation of coins, since now their real value was significantly lower than their nominal value. Since 2009, nickel has been used to cover regularly minted 1, 2 and 5 ruble steel coins.

Tompak alloy

Since 2006, tombak alloy has been used to coat ten- and 50-kopeck steel coins.

Silver ten-kopeck coin of 1713 (Hermitage exhibition)

The first Russian coins appeared more than a thousand years ago, but for almost the entire period of history, the basis of the money supply was silver. In pre-Mongol Rus', instead of the word “money”, which has Tatar roots, the word “silver” was even used, which emphasizes the importance of silver in monetary circulation. During the period of feudal fragmentation, the first copper coins appeared - pulas, but they had very limited circulation. Gold coins arose under Ivan III, but for a long time they were reward coins and almost did not participate in circulation. And only under Peter I, gold and copper were firmly included in the monetary system, while copper coins played the role of change, and gold coins served more as a means of accumulation or for carrying out large financial transactions.

The purchasing power of the coins slightly exceeded the cost of the metal, so the goal of the counterfeiters was not to make copies of the coins, but to underestimate the fineness, reduce the weight, and cut off the metal from the real coin. In the 20s of the 20th century, various alloys replaced expensive metals, and coins turned into coin-shaped banknotes. Gold and silver are now used only in the manufacture of collectible and investment coins. Palladium and platinum have also been added to them, but their share in the production of collectible coins is very insignificant.

Silver

The first silver coins “srebreniks” began to be minted under Prince Vladimir the Great around the 990s. The period of independent Russian coinage did not last long, and already in the second half of the 11th century the “Coinless Period” began, when silver bars were used as a means of payment. The issue of coins was resumed during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy; from that time on, there were coins of only two denominations - denga and polushka, all of them were silver. Under Ivan the Terrible, the first kopecks appeared, which became the basis of monetary circulation. In 1654-1655, the first ruble coins were issued, which were also made of silver, but the full circulation of the silver ruble had to wait another half century.

Petrovskaya currency reform significantly transformed appearance coins, added many new denominations, but silver coins in denominations from a kopeck to a ruble (later from 5 kopecks to a ruble) were still the main ones. It was possible to completely abandon the use of precious metal in monetary circulation only under Soviet rule. The last silver coins date back to 1931 (10, 15 and 20 kopecks), fifty kopecks disappeared in 1927, and rubles even earlier - in 1924.

Silver bullion coin

In 1977, for the upcoming Olympics, collectible silver coins of improved minting quality were issued; in subsequent years, the production of silver commemorative and anniversary coins was continued. Currently, several dozen types of collectible and investment coins are issued annually; they can be purchased in banks at a special price. The weight of such coins ranges from 15 grams to 5 kg.

Gold

Golden chervonets of Peter I (Hermitage exhibition)

The first Russian gold coins appeared at about the same time as silver coins - at the end of the 10th century, but their production had a very small volume, and under subsequent rulers it stopped altogether. Under Ivan III, the minting of gold grant coins began, which were awarded to outstanding architects, builders, and also for various merits. These coins were not a full-fledged currency, although they came into circulation from time to time. Since the era of Peter I, the gold coin has occupied a special niche in monetary circulation; 2-ruble coins and chervonets coins without indicating the denomination are made from gold. Under Elizaveta Petrovna, 5 and 10 rubles appear. gold coin remained a hard currency, an alternative to constantly depreciating banknotes. During the Civil War, they (especially the Nikolaev 10 rubles) had a high exchange rate among the population and were in great demand.

In 1923, a large edition of Soviet gold chervonets was issued, the size and weight of which coincided with the Tsar's 10 rubles. Their goal was to reinforce the paper chervonets, which had a gold backing. The population did not receive such coins, and they were not accepted abroad because of Soviet symbols, so the issue was not continued, and the bulk of the circulation was melted down. In 1975-1982, new-made chervonets were issued with exactly the same images, but different dates; currently they serve as investment coins.

Since 1977, in addition to collectible silver coins, gold coins have been minted. The production reached its greatest volume in 2010-2013, after which it began to decline. However, several types of gold coins are currently produced annually and can be purchased from banks at special prices. In addition to this, investment gold coins of UNC quality are issued, the cost of which is slightly lower than collectible ones.

Copper

5 kopecks 1802 (Hermitage exhibition)

Copper coins - pools were made in Novgorod and Tver back in the 15th century; they were small and had an irregular shape, like silver coins of that time. It is still unknown exactly in what ratio they were equated to silver; there are different opinions: from 20/1 to 150/1. With the unification of Rus', local types of coins disappeared, and with them the pools. Copper monetary circulation was revived under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, when they tried to equalize coins made of silver and copper that were identical in size and weight. This caused a strong drop in the exchange rate of copper coins and the famous “Copper Riot”; the idea had to be abandoned. Since 1700, the first full-fledged copper coins of a round shape were issued, which, compared with the silver “scales” that circulated in parallel with them, were significantly ahead of their time. The high quality of copper coins made it possible to partially introduce copper into circulation and replace scarce silver with it.

For more than 200 years, copper coins served as change, the denominations were low: from half a half to 5 kopecks (sometimes a coin with a denomination of 10 kopecks was produced). In 1924, when the Soviet ruble finally strengthened, copper coins in denominations of 1, 2, 3 and 5 kopecks (from 1925 - half a kopeck) came into circulation, but within two years they began to be replaced by more durable and cheaper bronze ones. IN modern history Russia also issued a copper coin - 5 rubles, model 1997, which had a copper base and plating made of cupronickel alloy. Since 2009, they have been replaced by coins with a steel base, but copper ones can still often be found in circulation.

Kolyvan copper

Siberian 10 kopecks (Hermitage exhibition)

When gold and silver were isolated from the copper ore of the Kolyvan deposit in Altai in the second half of the 18th century, the resulting copper remained with a small admixture of the precious metal. It was impossible to visually distinguish Kolyvan copper from ordinary copper, but the gold content in it reached 0.01% and about 0.8% silver. The estimated price of the metal was 24.24 rubles per pound, while the cost of ordinary copper was 6 rubles per pound. The President of the Mint Department, I. Schlatter, proposed minting special “Siberian” coins from this copper, which would be one and a half times lighter than ordinary ones. For the issue, the Suzunsky Mint is created near modern Barnaul. Minting lasted from 1763 to 1781, denominations from half a half to 10 kopecks were issued. The coins had completely different images and the coat of arms of Siberia. Just a few years after the start of production, the technology for separating metals was modernized, and the content of precious impurities became completely insignificant, but the weight of Siberian coins was not increased. The end of production was a consequence of rampant counterfeiting; criminals made coins from ordinary copper, which was four times cheaper, while receiving huge profits.

Platinum

Platinum coin in denomination of 12 rubles (Hermitage exhibition)

At the end of the reign of Alexander I, significant deposits of a metal unknown at that time - platinum - were found in the Urals. With the coming to power of Nicholas I, the minting of platinum coins in special denominations was organized: 3, 6 and 12 rubles. The fact is that, to save money, the same equipment and presses were used in the manufacture of circles as in the manufacture of silver blanks. The estimated cost of platinum was 12 times higher than silver, and its density was 2 times higher. Therefore, 12 rubles had the size of 1 ruble, 6 rubles 50 kopecks, and 3 rubles 25 kopecks. Coins were produced en masse in 1828-1845, but again counterfeiters, who used ordinary silver as a raw material, became an obstacle. Moreover, there were cases of fraud when regular silver coins were issued instead of platinum coins (it was easy to confuse them in the dark). After the end of the issue, all the platinum stored in the treasury and the coins that were collected from the population were sold to England.

The revival of platinum coinage occurred already in Soviet times; these were collector's issues of improved quality, dedicated to various events. Production was discontinued in 1995.

Palladium

Palladium is very similar to platinum, but has a much lower density, close to silver. Palladium coins were produced only in 1977-1995, these were collector's issues of improved quality PROOF and Uncirculated.

Copper-nickel alloys

In 1931, silver coins were replaced by 10, 15 and 20 kopecks made of a new material - a copper-nickel alloy. As the name suggests, it is based on copper and nickel with the addition of a small proportion of other metals. There are different alloys, but they are all quite resistant to environmental influences and have a silver color. The copper content reaches 90%, but can be significantly less; the nickel content usually does not exceed 20%. From 1997 to 2009, coins of 1 and 2 rubles were made from nickel silver, and 25 rubles from 2011 from cupronickel. Cupronickel silver was also the insert for bimetallic 10 rubles until 2017.

The most common types of copper-nickel alloy:
cupronickel - 68-93% copper, 5-30% nickel, up to 0.8% iron, up to 1% manganese;
nickel silver - 5-35% nickel, 13-45% zinc, the rest is copper;
Monel - up to 67% nickel, up to 38% copper.

Characteristics of cupronickel:

Bronze

Bronze replaced the more expensive copper in Soviet-era currency. Another advantage of bronze is its higher resistance to aggressive environments. Bronze contains a large part of copper (up to 90%) and other metals (tin, aluminum, beryllium, silicon, lead). Depending on the metal it contains, bronze is called tin (or simply bronze), aluminum, etc. Bronze has a reddish-golden color, more yellow than pure copper. It quickly fades when exposed to air, forming a protective film that prevents further oxidation. The first bronze coins came out in 1926, using aluminum bronze. After 1957, the use of bronze in coin production ceased, and was replaced by a copper-zinc alloy. Since the 1990s, bronze has been used to make rings or inserts for bimetallic coins.

Brass

Brass differs from bronze in its lower copper content and the presence of zinc as the second component of the alloy. It is much cheaper than bronze and pure copper. In the production of Russian coins, brass was used mainly as a coating for steel blanks (1 and 5 rubles 1992, 50 rubles 1993-1995, 10 and 50 kopecks since 2006), but in 1997-2006 10 and 50 kopeck coins were made of pure brass In addition, some denominations in the sets of commemorative coins of 1995-1996 and the ring for the bimetallic ten of 2000-2016 were brass.

Copper-zinc alloy (a type of brass)

This alloy differs from brass in other proportions of copper and zinc, and was developed specifically for the manufacture of coins, therefore it is more resistant to various influences. All coins of 1961-1991 with the Soviet coat of arms in denominations from 1 to 5 kopecks were minted from it. In addition, 50 rubles from 1993, a circle for a bimetallic coin of the “Red Book” series and a ring for 10 rubles from 1991.

Nickel

There are known test 2-kopeck coins from 1883, found in 1887 at the St. Petersburg Mint in the amount of 68 pieces. Later a note was found from the head of the mint N.P. Vollendorf, which mentions the proposal of the Ural industrialist Permikin to mint nickel coins from the metal mined in his mines. It was planned to use almost pure nickel, which had minor impurities due to the impossibility of their isolation.

In 1911 and 1916, the idea of minting nickel coins was returned to, but things did not go beyond trial issues.

Tompak alloy

Since 2006, tombak alloy has been used to cover ten- and 50-kopeck steel coins, the minting of which ceased in 2015. The alloy is considered higher quality and more expensive than bronze; cutlery, dishes, and interior items are made from it. However, as time has shown, on coins it quickly darkens and loses its beautiful golden color.

Steel

The cheapest material used in the production of coins. Since the early 90s, low denomination coins (1 and 5 rubles) have been minted from it, and since 1997, 1 and 5 kopecks. In 2006, 10 and 50 kopecks began to be made from coated steel instead of using expensive brass, and since 2009, 1, 2 and 5 rubles. In the same year, a steel 10-ruble coin with a brass coating came into circulation, and since 2017, even bimetallic coins began to be made on steel blanks coated with metals of two colors. Despite the cheapness of the metal, minting 1 and 5 kopecks became unprofitable, and since 2015 it was necessary to abandon 10 and 50 kopecks. The metal is very hard, which leads to rapid wear of the stamps, and therefore modern coins have a high percentage of defects in the form of unminted or split stamps.

29.01.2022

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