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Who invented money and why? History of money from antiquity to the present day Man invented money

Money- one of the greatest human inventions. The origin of money is associated with 7 - 8 thousand BC, when primitive tribes had a surplus of some products that could be exchanged for other necessary products. Historically, livestock, cigars, shells, stones, and pieces of metal were used as a means of facilitating exchange, with varying degrees of success. But to serve as money, an item must be generally accepted by both buyers and sellers as a medium of exchange. Money is determined by society itself; everything that society recognizes as circulation is money. Indeed, money is a commodity that acts as a universal equivalent, reflecting the value of all other goods.

What are the main stages in the history of the development of money?

First stage— the appearance of money with random goods performing its functions; second phase- assigning gold the role of a universal equivalent (this stage was, perhaps, the longest); third stage— the stage of transition to paper or credit money; And last fourth stage— gradual displacement of cash from circulation, as a result of which electronic types of payments appeared.

Gold and silver as money

Gold and silver most fully met the above requirements, thus, in the process of the evolution of commodity exchange, a special, absolutely liquid commodity is singled out, used as a universal equivalent of the value of money. These commodities become gold and silver, an early form of metallic money.

Gold and silver appeared as money back in the 13th century BC. e. in the form of various ingots with a certain weight of metal. As a result further development market relations, coins begin to be minted from metal - banknotes that have a form established by law and weight full monetary content.

Coins made from a natural alloy of gold and silver (electrum) first appear in the state of Lydia in the 7th century BC. e. In Rus', coinage began to be minted in the 9th - 10th centuries. However, due to the lack of gold deposits in Kievan Rus, foreign ones were predominantly used - Arab and Byzantine coins made of gold and silver. Later, from about the 11th century, silver and copper ingots began to be used in domestic circulation. The most common was a silver bar weighing one pound (approximately 400 g), which had the name « » . But the “hryvnia” had a rather high value, so it was cut in half, into two equal parts, called « » , or “ruble hryvnia”.

Commodity money

The early form of metal money is characterized by the coincidence of the commodity value of the metal contained in the coins and their nominal value indicated on the obverse of the coin. This is one of the disadvantages commodity money. If their value as a commodity exceeds their value as money, then they will cease to function as money. Indeed, if, for example, a ruble coin had a silver (or gold, or some other) content worth, say, two rubles, then it would be very profitable to melt down the coin and sell it as an ingot. Therefore, despite the illegality of such actions, ruble coins would begin to disappear from circulation.

In this regard, from about the 15th century, metallic money began to lose its commodity basis. Metal money begins to be divided into full-fledged(whose face value corresponds to the value of the metal they contain) and inferior(face value is higher than the value of the metal contained). Currently, in no country in the world is metallic money valid.

History of paper money

Deserves special attention origin paper money . Where did they come from? To answer this question it is necessary to turn again to history.

Soon after gold began to be used in transactions, it became apparent that it was inconvenient and unsafe for both buyers and traders to transport, weigh, and test the purity of gold each time a transaction was made. Therefore, the rule came into practice give gold to goldsmiths for safekeeping who have special storage rooms and are ready to provide them for a fee. Having received a gold deposit, the goldsmith gave the depositor receipt.

Soon, goods were exchanged for these receipts, which became an early form of paper money, and the goldsmiths themselves became the prototypes of modern bankers. Since the gold kept by goldsmiths in storerooms was rarely in demand, that is, it was not in circulation, we can say that the receipts were full-fledged money, since their quantity exactly corresponded to the amount of gold in the storage of goldsmiths.

This was until some inventive goldsmith, seeing that the amount of gold coming in exceeded the amount being withdrawn, began to issue receipts not backed by gold, giving loans at interest to merchants, manufacturers and consumers. This is how it was born fractional reserve banking system. These receipts were no longer full-fledged money. It is believed that the founders of banks and paper money were English goldsmiths. Subsequently, the right to issue paper money passed from private hands to the state.

In our country, paper money appeared in 1766 by decree of Empress Catherine II. At present, just like metal money, paper money in no country in the world has a commodity basis, that is, it is not exchanged for gold or other precious metals. metals.

Money is the universal equivalent of the cost of goods and services, part of the financial system of each country. Before adopting their modern form, they went through centuries of evolution. In this review you will learn about the history of the first money, what stages it went through and how it changed over time.

How did the money come about?

Market relations began to form as early as the 7th-8th millennium BC. At that time, primitive people exchanged excess products with each other, and proportions were established depending on the circumstances. With the advent of the social division of labor, barter gradually became inconvenient, and our ancestors began to use various objects as money.

In Rus', the furs of fur-bearing animals were used as a means of payment, in Ancient Greece- large and small livestock: rams, horses, bulls. In Ancient India, China, on the east coast of Africa and the Philippine Islands - shells collected on a string. During the time of Julius Caesar, slaves were used for this purpose. The inhabitants had flamingo feathers. In Melanesia, pig tails were used, and in Spar, stone cobblestones were used. In some countries, human skulls were the means of payment.

Converting first money

Gradually, some types of currencies were replaced by others, regardless of the will of the people. During the period of wars and revolutions, there was a massive regression. In Belarus, the Germans gave a kilogram of salt for the head of a partisan, considering this product to be very expensive. Later they were used as money different types metals: copper, tin, lead, iron. In Ancient Greece iron bars considered the best medium of exchange. Now the question arises about how money changed further.

Evolution of banknotes in Russia

The first paper notes appeared under the rule of the Russian Empress Catherine II in 1769. They were very similar to bank receipts and were used to pay salaries to officials. Although the bills had numbering and text, the printing quality was poor, so counterfeiters easily counterfeited them. It was necessary to replace all issued banknotes with more reliable ones, which is why after the Napoleonic War the history of money changed again.

A new type of money appeared in 1818. They were decorated with Empire style ornaments and engravings. The year 1897 was characterized by the stability of the financial system because paper money was easily exchanged for gold coins.

New technologies for banknote production in Russia

From the middle of the 19th century, metallographic printing from engraving was used, which became the basis of modern banking printing. At the end of the period under review, the first Oryol Seal device was designed, producing bright banknotes. This technology is still used today because it does not allow counterfeiting of money.

The history of the origin of money tells us that the first 500 ruble banknotes with the image of Peter the Great and 100 ruble banknotes with a photograph of Catherine II appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. After the revolution and during the war, the financial system collapsed. During these periods, many people were able to create counterfeit money in unlimited quantities. This is how hyperinflation progressed and our country’s economy deteriorated. Vladimir Lenin carried out not only the NEP and monetary reform, but also issued chervonets into circulation, then treasury notes. Later, new banknotes were issued with additional security mechanisms.

Historical data on money in Ukraine

Previously, on Ukrainian lands, our ancestors used Greek coins. Later, the money of the Roman Empire appeared, which was used to accumulate wealth and produce jewelry. Thanks to trade relations with foreign merchants, the currency spread to Podolia, Prykarpattya, Transnistria and other areas. Due to the economic and political crisis in the Roman state that arose in the 3rd century, ties were terminated. In the 5th-7th centuries, Byzantine and Arab currencies came into circulation.

During the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (918-1015), the history of money in Ukraine was supplemented by a new event: they began to produce ancient coins- pieces of silver (weight up to 4.68 g) and pieces of gold (weight 4.4 g). They were marked with an image of the prince on the throne with a trident, which was the family sign of the Rurikovichs. At the end of the 11th century, the first “hryvnia” made of silver appeared.

In the middle of the 18th century, Ukraine was part of Russian Empire, due to which its monetary system has completely changed. The modification of the currency complicated the relations of residents of the former state with other countries. After the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic (1917), it was decided to introduce paper hryvnias into circulation, which became the legal national currency in 1996.

Financial policies of Great Britain and France

Pound sterling - used long before the formation of the state itself. In the 9th-10th centuries, 240 pence were made from it, which were called “sterling”. 400 years later, gold pounds appeared in circulation. Thus, the bimetallic monetary system functioned until the end of the 18th century. The conflict with France and the First and Second World Wars greatly weakened the financial system, but over time it recovered. This is how the history of money was formed in this country.

The money in circulation in France today is the euro. However, this was not always the case. The first paper bills appeared in 1716. During the revolution (1790), the provisional government issued assignats and mandates. Over time, they depreciated, and in 1800 Napoleon created the Bank issuing francs. This currency turned out to be the most stable before the outbreak of the First World War. After the financial system was restored, francs were again in circulation. In 1997, they ceased to be convertible, and France switched to the euro.

Formation of credit money

Credit money appeared simultaneously with progress in commodity production. The recipient is given a certain amount with the condition of accepting obligations to repay it within the period established by the agreement. The type of funds under consideration is created not from circulation, but from the circulation of capital. It is determined not by the state’s gold and foreign exchange reserves, but by the number of loans provided. But when and how did credit money appear?

The history of credit funds began with bills of exchange, first created in Italy in the Middle Ages. Then banknotes appeared. In the 19th and 20th centuries, checks became popular. After this, electronic money was introduced, as well as plastic cards.

Features of providing a loan

The borrower is given a loan if he is able to make payments consistently. All information about cash receipts is entered into the credit history. If a person does not fulfill his obligations, this will negatively affect his ability to take out a loan in the future.

Have you encountered a similar situation? Do not be upset, because there are banks that lend money without contact. Contact new commercial financial institutions seeking to gain a position in the market by any means. Although their interest rate will be much higher, the client who is caught late repaying the loan has the opportunity to get a loan. Pay attention to the following organizations: Avangard, Zapsibkombank, Tinkoff Credit Systems, Baltinvestbank.

History of "Yandex.Money"

Currently, this electronic payment system is popular. It provides financial settlements between persons who have opened accounts on it. The currency is Russian ruble. All operations take place in a special web interface in real time. This is exactly how the Yandex.Money system works.

The history of the system is connected with the idea of implementing electronic money. The program began functioning on July 24, 2002. Russians immediately appreciated its advantages, and the popularity of the innovation began to grow rapidly. It gradually developed, and within three years new opportunities for working through the interface became available to users. In 2007, Yandex became the full owner of the program. Three years later it was already working with 3,500 partners, and after some time it spread to different countries CIS. In 2012, the number of electronic wallets increased.

The most important achievement today is the ability to transfer electronic money to bank accounts and vice versa. The company is continuously working to improve the service, so users can count on an improved Yandex.Money system.

The history of money is constantly changing due to the circumstances of a particular state. As some countries continue to conflict with each other, there is a possibility that their monetary systems will weaken. It is still difficult to predict what changes will occur in the future.

Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Gymnasium No. 2"

City research competition for junior schoolchildren "EUREKA"

“WHY DO PEOPLE HAVE MONEY?”

Golotvin Nikolay Danilovich 04/20/2001

2 "B" class

St. Mitrofanova 25/1 apt. 65 t.40-43-53

Contact phone: 8-906-961-21-93

Head: Savelyeva Lyubov Aleksandrovna

Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Gymnasium No. 2" teacher classes.

T: 8-913-085-64-21

PLAN 1. It would be nice to live without money. 2. How money appeared.3. What is money?4. Types of currencies.5. Types of modern money. Conclusion.
IT WOULD BE GOOD TO LIVE WITHOUT MONEY How nice it would be to live without money. Come to any store, take whatever you want and as much as you want. Any toys, bicycles, ice cream, candy. And calmly, without paying any bills, you go home. But what happens then: since I can take whatever I want from the store, it means my mother doesn’t have to go to work, but read books with me. And dad can go fishing with me, he doesn’t need to earn money either. I came to school, and there was no teacher there, she had gone to the studio to sew a dress. I decided to take a day off. After all, you don’t have to pay for the dress. And the baker decided to never go to work at all. And when we get to the store, there won’t be a single loaf of bread. Nobody baked it. And I didn’t get a bicycle, Sasha took all the bicycles from the next door. Why does he need so much? He says: “One breaks down, I’ll ride the other.” It turns out to be some kind of mess! It turns out we can’t live without money. Every work must be paid so that people go to work and work conscientiously. So that goods in the store are bought in the quantity required. How did it happen that our lives depend so much on money? HOW THE MONEY APPEARED

When primitive people had a surplus of some products, they exchanged them with each other for other necessary products. This is how natural exchange appeared. The price (proportions) was set depending on random circumstances. Among the shepherd tribes, the instrument of exchange was live cattle: sheep, cows, bulls... The northern peoples exchanged fur - fur money. Bird feathers, grain, salt, cocoa beans, and dried fish also served as money. Tribes living on the shores of warm seas used shells as money. Impaled on a thread in the form of decorations are shell money. They turned out to be the most stable form of commodity money. The most frequently exchanged commodity became a means of exchanging different goods for each other, as if turned into money. There were different “exotic” money in the world. Fairies are stone circles with a hole in the center, similar to millstones. The diameter of such “coins” sometimes reached several meters, and the mass – up to a ton. The fairy's owner put his mark on her. When they bought something with it, the new owner erased that sign and put up his own. Slaves were also used as money. This was all called commodity money. Such “money” could be exchanged for other goods or used in your household for its intended purpose. But it was inconvenient money! Sheep and bulls need to be kept and fed somewhere. Products spoil due to long storage. Fur is eaten by moths. People needed practical money. So that you can carry them with you and buy a large or small item at any time. And the very first type of money was cowrie shells. They were in circulation for a long time. Foreign merchants took them all over the world. But the sinks were cheap and not convenient for large transactions.

Metal products turned out to be the most convenient to handle. Over time, noble metals (silver, gold) began to serve as monetary material. At first, metal money took the form of rings, necklaces, bars, and gold dust. Then they began to make them in the form of bars with a certain weight. Later, coins began to be minted from the metal - banknotes having a shape and weight established by law. Money had a wide variety of shapes: square, heptagonal, octagonal, but the round shape turned out to be the most convenient.

Money made from precious metals was more convenient. They are quite durable, do not wear out, do not rust, retain their appearance for a long time, and have almost the same composition. It is very easy to make standard coins of different denominations from them. It is difficult to counterfeit such counterfeit money. Gold and silver coins over time, replaced all previous forms of money. They did not require special care. They were stored for a long time and conveniently. They were easy to wear. They did not spoil and did not take up much space. And they could be used to pay for any product. Gold and silver money began to appear in all countries of the world. But such money also had its drawbacks. It was not safe to carry or store them. They were not convenient when making small transactions. And they constantly had to check their authenticity and weight. Gold and silver began to be given for storage to goldsmiths who had special storerooms and were ready to rent them out for a fee. Having received such a deposit, the goldsmith gave the depositor a receipt. Then people began to exchange these receipts for goods. This is how it turned out to be paper money. In China they began to make money from the skins of white deer. All white deer belonged to the emperor. The money had special signs and a seal. By order of the emperor, people paid with such money. Gold coins were worn out, they were cut off and even thinned down to a simple piece of paper. The need for gold in production increased. But there was no such amount of gold. This is how paper money appeared. Paper money first appeared in China. By themselves they were worth nothing. Each state gave them its own forced price. The issue of paper money seemed to increase the state treasury. But their release was limited by certain rules. WHAT IS MONEY? Money is a commodity intended for exchange. A product that has been in demand in all countries for many years and plays an important role in the development of society. Money connects producer and consumer. Money serves five different functions. 1. The most important role of money is as a universal co-measurer. Money is used to set the price of a product. After all, for the exchange of goods there must be some kind of unit of measurement of the proportions of exchange. The price can rise and fall, it depends on various factors, for example, on the cost of the product, on competition. Setting a price also facilitates transactions between countries. 2. Money is universal wealth; it can be saved by putting it aside, for example in a bank. So they are a treasure. And if you save them to buy equipment for your production, then this is capital. 3. We constantly exchange money for the goods we need and vice versa, we exchange the produced goods for money: T-D-T. So money is constantly in motion, passing from one person to another, forming a single process of circulation of goods. We pay with money for the services of a hairdresser, seamstress, and repair shops. 4. Money is also used as a means of payment: purchasing goods on credit, and then repaying loans, paying taxes, etc. Bank bills, electronic money and plastic cards that arose on their basis, all this helps speed up payments.5. The development of international economic relations and world trade led to the emergence of world money. World money is used for commodity exchange between states. They are also used when providing loans from one state to another. World money includes money from the richest countries. Foreign money is called currency.

TYPES OF CURRENCY

RUBLE is the monetary unit of Russia. EURO is a monetary unit that is used in several countries: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France. Thus, the euro is a single currency for millions of Europeans and in our time is the most expensive and widespread monetary unit. DOLLAR- The monetary unit of the United States and is one of the main reserve currencies of the world. YEN is the monetary unit of Japanhttp://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8% D1%8F, one of the world's main reserves after the US dollar and the euro. SWISS FRANK– monetary unit of Switzerland GBP- English monetary unit.

TYPES OF MODERN MONEY

Nowadays money comes in many different forms. Cash and non-cash. There are iron coins - small change that we use to pay in stores. Gold and silver coins are sold in a tin for collectors. Paper money with which we make purchases and pay for services. There is credit money. With it we can buy furniture, a car, an apartment, etc. on credit. Credit money is money lent to us, which we will then have to repay. People came up with credit cards - "plastic money". They are easy to use. They take up little space in your wallet, and at the same time they can contain a fairly large amount of money. There are also electronic money. We use this money to pay for purchases online. Electronic money goes to our cell phone account.

CONCLUSION

During the research, I concluded that money is one of the great inventions of human thought. They appeared as a result of the long development of commodity exchange. From the vast world of goods, a special product emerged, convenient and practical, which served as money. Nowadays, money is a necessity for the life and development of every person. We cannot live even a day without money. With money we can buy food, clothes, books, toys, and go on a trip. They make our life comfortable and varied. The desire to buy something makes us work for the benefit of society. This is how we make money. To earn more money, people have to work harder and better. Because of this, the quality and quantity of goods and services produced increases. The hairdresser tries to cut hair more beautifully and quickly so that he has more satisfied clients. The baker is trying to bake more and tastier cheesecakes. Confectioners come up with new, more delicious candies to increase demand and sales of their goods. The economy is growing. The standard of living of society is increasing. This means that money contributes to the evolution of humanity.

The circulation of the currency is limited to the city of Bristol, after which the local pound is named; people have already dubbed it “Bristolik”. This experiment is being conducted to support small businesses.

The fact is that due to the protracted crisis, the purchasing power of the population has fallen even in such a rich country as Great Britain. The Bristol pound can be obtained by exchanging it at a bank at a rate of 1:1 in relation to the pound sterling. When performing a reverse transaction, a 3% tax will be charged.

How can introducing a local currency revitalize the economy? Let's figure it out together. What is money, when and how did it appear?

Money originated in China during the Shang Dynasty, which ruled from 1600 to 1027 BC. Issued on September 18, 2012 by the People's Bank of China gold coin in honor of the first Chinese state.

During the Shang Dynasty, centralization of power began in China, the ruler was the king, he was the nominal owner of all the land of the state. There were clerks and archivists at the court. The royal power relied on the nobility, warriors and clergy. Ritual services were held in temples.

What happened in China before 3,600 years ago, no reliable written sources have been found to date.

It is assumed that various tribes lived on the territory of China, subsisting on crafts and natural exchange. How could the tribes unite, how did the monetary form of payment appear? Scientists say that a need simply arose, they just got together and came up with money for themselves.Let's try to imagine the average person of that time. He fishes, picks berries, raises livestock, makes household items...

Introduced? Now imagine that he so simply exchanged it for some items that were of no value to him, because before that there was no money at all! Natural exchange is understandable, a man exchanged his fish for vegetables, for clothes, a shovel... But why does he need pieces of bronze, what, carry these pieces of iron with him? It was only later that money with holes appeared, for ease of carrying, and then they were cast coins, similar to the one shown in the picture.

But how can you force a person to pay taxes? After all, he himself won’t pay it voluntarily, why is this all of a sudden, none of his ancestors paid anything. Here we remember the time of perestroika and the beginning of the 90s of the last century. Do you remember how a person came to a cooperator (artisan) offering security and when he did not agree, the next day hooligans came and caused damage, the cooperator himself turned to the “security structure”?

How can you track whether the tax has been paid or not, since paper was invented in China fifteen hundred years later? Signs? Well, this is China, there were a lot of them there even then. Cars with signs are difficult to take into account and control.

So they came up with tokens - coins. The coins are easy to carry and can also be exchanged. This is how one of the modern functions of money appeared - a measure of value.

The tax inspector (publican) gave one coin in exchange for a large horned animal, the same thing happened when exchanging 3 goats, 3 bags of fish, etc. Of course, there were cunning people; they immediately laid down such a loophole with deception. However, little has changed since then.

Over time, it became fashionable to show how much you paid in taxes, which means you are a rich person. We started exchanging and collecting these tokens. The function of modern money has appeared - accumulation. If people understood that by accepting a coin or bill from anyone, they doom themselves to be tied to the one who produced it. After all, it will be necessary to change them back, and this is how people drive themselves into slavery, dependence on paying taxes.

The further this epic continued, the more money was introduced into circulation. The money supply began to far exceed the quantity of goods produced. The goods deteriorate, and there are practically no coins. This is how inflation appeared. Then they began to lend money at interest, thereby further depreciating the value of the goods. After all, you took one coin, but you need to return 2. This is such nonsense.

I wonder who came up with all this and for what purposes? But you can read about this and much more in Anastasia Novykh’s unique books. It describes not only how the world works, but also how to bypass the traps cunningly placed on every corner, and, of course, about those who set these traps and why. You can download books completely free of charge (spiritual knowledge is given only for free) in the corresponding section of our website. And you can read the fragment right here, see the excerpt below.

Read more about this in the books of Anastasia Novykh

(click on the quote to download the entire book for free):

And who came up with them, these candy wrappers? - Andrei shrugged, unwrapping the next candy he liked.

“Chinese,” said Ahriman carefree.

Chinese? - the guy was surprised.

Yes. The Tang Dynasty Emperor of China issued the first paper money in 650. They were printed on high-quality paper, easily transported, and could always be exchanged for copper money. Therefore, this type of money quickly gained popularity. After this fashion The Persians and Japanese adopted it and so it went around the world.

Was there copper money before that? - Kostya asked.

Various: copper, silver, gold. In a word, metal,” answered Ahriman.

Who invented coins? - suffered in the questions of our Philosopher.

Again, the Chinese. Their first coins appeared in the 12th century BC. They were cast. And then, about five centuries later, minted coins appeared in the ancient Greek colonies.

“Wow, how smart the Chinese are, but I had no idea,” Zhenya said sarcastically and glanced sideways at Veliar, who at that time, standing slightly behind Ahriman, was looking with pride and arrogance at the seated guests.

Every nation considers itself smart,” Ahriman shrugged. - The Romans, for example, believed that the invention of coins was the merit of their gods, such as Saturn, Janus, or King Numa Pompilius. The Greeks claimed that coins were invented by their heroes Theseus, Lycus, or, in extreme cases, the Argive king Phidon, who lived in the 7th century BC.

Ahriman paused while drinking tea. And then Sensei, who had hitherto exchanged insignificant phrases with Ahriman, unexpectedly for us entered into a polemic with him.

Yes, but the main thing is not who invented coins, but what they mean. According to linguists who got to the bottom of the word coin, translated from Latin moneo, monui, monitum means “foreshadowing”, “warning”. And the verb from which these words come means “to advise.” And, by the way, since we have already touched upon linguistics, the word “capital” also comes from the Latin word “caput”...

“I don’t understand,” Zhenya perked up when he heard the familiar word. - Does this mean “Hitler kaput”?

And the guy showed a cross in the air with his hand. We laughed, and Sensei answered with a smile:

Well, maybe he brought “kaput” to Hitler. But if we talk about the translation of the word “capital”, then caput means “head”.

“Ah-ah, that means smart,” the guy concluded.

Not at all,” Sensei shook his head negatively. - This refers to the number of livestock. - And looking at the surprised reaction of the guys, who even stopped chewing, he explained: - It’s just that cattle used to be considered a monetary unit. And his count was kept by heads.

Having said this, Sensei looked contentedly at Ahriman, and then we hurried to turn our heads towards him. It seemed to me that barely noticeable confusion flashed across Ahriman’s face, but when he received everyone’s attention, he immediately produced a charming smile and said cheerfully:

Of course, there was a time when money walked on four legs. But it’s good that those days are long gone. Otherwise, I would now be tired of counting my “capital” by heads.

“Yes, from such capital there would be only losses,” Volodya noted with a laugh. - Not only does he constantly ask for food, but he also gives off a specific smell.

What's true is true! - said Ahriman, as if Volodya had hit the point of his mental reasoning.

Ahriman exchanged glances with Sensei, and they laughed again, as if they both put much more meaning into these words than they said out loud. Laughing, Ahriman shook his head:

Hmmm, everything that served a person as money: from cow skulls in Borneo to human skulls in the Solomon Islands, from bars of salt in Africa to slab tea in China and Burma. In Ancient Mexico, payments were generally made using cocoa beans. But what’s most interesting is that even in those days there were “counterfeiters” counterfeiting beans,” Ahriman chuckled. - What people have tried as means of payment: tobacco, grains of rice, corn, dried fish, skins, livestock, people.

Yes,” Sensei said somehow sadly. - Money changed, only the attitude towards money remained the same...

“In principle, nothing has changed,” Ahriman agreed with him.

- Anastasia NOVIKH "Sensei III"

On September 19, 2012, a local currency was introduced into circulation in the UK.
The circulation of the currency is limited to the city of Bristol, after which the local pound is named; people have already dubbed it “Bristolik”. This experiment is being conducted to support small businesses.
The fact is that due to the protracted crisis, the purchasing power of the population has fallen even in such a rich country as Great Britain. The Bristol pound can be obtained by exchanging it at a bank at a rate of 1:1 in relation to the pound sterling. When performing a reverse transaction, a 3% tax will be charged.

How can introducing a local currency revitalize the economy? Let's figure it out together. What is money, when and how did it appear?
Money originated in China during the Shang Dynasty, which ruled from 1600 to 1027 BC. On September 18, 2012, the People's Bank of China issued a gold coin in honor of the first Chinese state.

During the Shang Dynasty, centralization of power began in China, the ruler was the king, he was the nominal owner of all the land of the state.
There were clerks and archivists at the court. The royal power relied on the nobility, warriors and clergy. Ritual services were held in temples.
What happened in China before 3,600 years ago, no reliable written sources have been found to date.
It is assumed that various tribes lived on the territory of China, subsisting on crafts and natural exchange. How could the tribes unite, how did the monetary form of payment appear? Scientists say that a need simply arose, they just got together and came up with money for themselves. Let's try to imagine the average person of that time. He fishes, picks berries, raises livestock, makes household items...
Introduced? Now imagine that he so simply exchanged it for some items that were of no value to him, because before that there was no money at all! Natural exchange is understandable, a man exchanged his fish for vegetables, for clothes, a shovel... But why does he need pieces of bronze, what, carry these pieces of iron with him? It was only later that money with holes appeared, for ease of carrying, and then they were cast coins, similar to the one shown in the picture.

How to wear them and why such a bizarre shape, does it look like the head of a cow or ram? Surely taxes were introduced in the emerging state, but how to maintain the administrative apparatus, the king? And of course, they were initially collected in kind. Some will take fish, some clothes, some cattle, and this includes food and skins - they can be used for clothing. Surely the standard of tax was cattle, but why not take half of a cow? This coin really looks like a cow's head. By the way, such coins were in use until the 3rd century BC.
But how can you force a person to pay taxes? After all, he himself won’t pay it voluntarily, why is this all of a sudden, none of his ancestors paid anything. Here we remember the time of perestroika and the beginning of the 90s of the last century. Do you remember how a person came to a cooperator (artisan) offering security and when he did not agree, the next day hooligans came and caused damage, the cooperator himself turned to the “security structure”?
How can you track whether the tax has been paid or not, since paper was invented in China fifteen hundred years later? Signs? Well, this is China, there were a lot of them there even then. Cars with signs are difficult to take into account and control.
So they came up with tokens - coins. The coins are easy to carry and can also be exchanged. This is how one of the modern functions of money appeared - a measure of value.
The tax inspector (publican) gave one coin in exchange for a large horned animal, the same thing happened when exchanging 3 goats, 3 bags of fish, etc. Of course, there were cunning people; they immediately laid down such a loophole with deception. However, little has changed since then.
Over time, it became fashionable to show how much you paid in taxes, which means you are a rich person. We started exchanging and collecting these tokens. The function of modern money has appeared - accumulation. If people understood that by accepting a coin or bill from anyone, they doom themselves to be tied to the one who produced it. After all, it will be necessary to change them back, and this is how people drive themselves into slavery, dependence on paying taxes.
The further this epic continued, the more money was introduced into circulation. The money supply began to far exceed the quantity of goods produced. The goods deteriorate, and there are practically no coins. This is how inflation appeared. Then they began to lend money at interest, thereby further depreciating the value of the goods. After all, you took one coin, but you need to return 2. This is such nonsense.
I wonder who came up with all this and for what purposes? But you can read about this and much more in Anastasia Novykh’s unique books. It describes not only how the world works, but also how to bypass the traps cunningly placed on every corner, and, of course, about those who set these traps and why. You can download books completely free of charge (spiritual knowledge is given only for free) in the corresponding section of our website. And you can read the fragment right here, see the excerpt below.