Assemble a square of 7 parts. Educational puzzle game “Tangram. Tangram patterns for children: from simple to complex
Tangram is a puzzle that consists of a square cut into 7 parts in a certain way. For preschoolers, tangram is a great lesson to prepare for school. And at the age of 5 - 6 years, children love to play. They are interested in picture puzzles.
The goal of the game is to assemble figures of people, animals, birds, numbers, objects from tangram parts...
Tangram game rules:
- B assembled figure all seven parts must be included.
- The parts must not overlap each other.
- The parts must be adjacent to each other.
Tangram scheme
(print possible in Word, download file by clicking on the picture with the mouse)
Tangram parts
This is the tangram itself; invented pictures are obtained from its parts. You can buy it, but you can easily make it yourself using the construction diagram. The drawing can be printed on colored paper on a printer or drawn yourself using a ruler. Cut out puzzle pieces from colored paper. Then, laying out the desired figure, glue it onto a thick sheet.
An example of a diagram of a dog - made by 1st grade students for a math and technology lesson.
The tangram game for children can be played at several levels of difficulty. It’s better to start with the simplest thing - lay out the figure according to the sample.
Scheme - rocket
This is how you can make a house out of a tangram.
At the second stage, you can invite children to lay out the figures in a continuous pattern.
And the third level, the most difficult: come up with your own figures that look like people, animals, birds. We offer pictures created by children.
Tangram pattern - fox
Hare and camel
Scheme - man
Figures - fish
Print the diagram of tangram animals.
(fox, cat, hare, camel, horse, dog)
Print the tangram numbers diagram
(Clicking on the image will download a Word document file in docx format, which can be printed using Word)
There are various legends about the appearance of the tangram. Here is one of them...
Almost two and a half thousand years ago, the middle-aged Emperor of China gave birth to a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. One thing worried the old emperor: his son, the future ruler of a huge country, did not want to study. The boy found it more enjoyable to play with toys all day long.
The emperor called to himself three wise men, one of whom was known as a mathematician, another became famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher, and ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the principles of mathematics, learn to look at the world around him with the gaze of an artist , would become patient, like a true philosopher, and would understand that complex things are often made up of simple things.
Three wise men came up with "Shi-Chao-Tyu" - a square cut into seven parts.
Many shapes can be made from tangram parts. You can invite your child to make, for example, transport - a boat, an airplane, figures - fencers, a rooster, a pelican, a tree, a candle.
Assembling a tangram
According to one legend, the tangram appeared almost two and a half thousand years ago in Ancient China. The middle-aged emperor had a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. But the old emperor was worried that his son, the future ruler of a huge country, did not want to study. The boy liked to play with toys more. The emperor called to himself three wise men, one of whom was known as a mathematician, another became famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher, and ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the principles of mathematics, learn to look at the world around him with the gaze of an artist , would become patient, like a true philosopher, and would understand that complex things are often made up of simple things. And the three wise men came up with “Shi-Chao-Tyu” - a square cut into seven parts.
Parfenova Valentina Nikolaevna, teacher kindergarten
One of components methodological support for the section “Elementary mathematical concepts in kindergarten” is the game “Tangram”, through which you can solve mathematical, speech and correctional problems.
The game “Tangram” is one of the simplest math games. The game is easy to make. A 10 by 10 cm square of cardboard or plastic, equally colored on both sides, is cut into 7 parts, which are called tans. The result is 2 large, 2 small and 1 medium triangles, a square and a parallelogram. Each child is given an envelope with 7 tanas and a sheet of cardboard on which they lay out a picture from the sample. Using all 7 tanas, tightly attaching them to one another, children create a lot of different images based on samples and according to their own ideas.
The game is interesting for both children and adults. Children are captivated by the result - they are involved in active practical activities to select a way to arrange the figures in order to create a silhouette.
Success in mastering the game preschool age depends on the level of sensory development of children. While playing, children remember names geometric shapes, their properties, distinctive features, examine forms through visual and tactile-motor means, freely move them in order to obtain a new figure. Children develop the ability to analyze simple images, identify geometric shapes in them and in surrounding objects, practically modify the figures by cutting them and composing them from parts.
At the first stage of mastering the “Tangram” game, a series of exercises are carried out aimed at developing children’s spatial concepts, elements of geometric imagination, and developing practical skills in composing new figures by joining one of them to another.
Children are offered different tasks: to compose figures according to a model, an oral task, or a plan. These exercises are preparatory to the second stage of mastering the game - composing figures using dissected patterns<Приложение №1 >.
To successfully recreate figures, you need the ability to visually analyze the shape of a planar figure and its parts. Children often make mistakes in connecting figures on the sides and in proportion.
This is followed by exercises in composing figures. In case of difficulties, children turn to the model. It is made in the form of a table on a sheet of paper of the same silhouette figure size as the sets of figures that children have. This makes it easier in the first lessons to analyze and check the reconstructed image with a sample<Рисунок №1>.
The third stage of mastering the game is the compilation of figures according to patterns of a contour nature, undivided<Приложение №1>. This is available to children 6-7 years old, subject to training. Games for composing figures using patterns are followed by exercises in composing images according to one’s own design.
The stages of work on introducing the game “Tangram” with children of senior preschool age with general speech underdevelopment (GSD) were as follows.
At first, the “Tangram” game was played as part of a math lesson for 5-7 minutes. Observations of children during the game confirmed the fact that the children liked the game. After this, an element of competition was introduced, and the one who posted the picture faster than others received a reward-chip.
The children were even more interested in this. They began to ask for more time to play “Tangram”. This made it possible to conduct mathematical leisure activities, quizzes, where children played for up to 20-40 minutes.
To enrich the theme of the game, there was a need to diversify this material; it was found in magazines “ Primary School”, “Preschool education”, in the books of Z.A. Mikhailova, T.I. Tarabarina, N.V. Elkina. and etc.
Many pictures were developed by the teacher. A number of pictures were created by children preparatory group. Observations of children confirmed that this game develops mental and speech abilities in children.
There were guys diagnosed with “general speech underdevelopment,” with poor memory, a small vocabulary, and withdrawn. They played alone more often. Teachers played with these children individually and offered pictures for the whole family to play at home. The results were unexpected, the children began to level out, some faster, some slower, but they no longer lagged behind their peers in posting pictures and were even ahead of some. Having overcome their shyness and reticence, these children began to quickly master the alphabet, reading, mathematics, and left kindergarten for school with clear speech, being able to read and count well.
The next stage in complicating this game was the selection of speech material for the pictures: riddles, funny short poems, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, counting rhymes, physical exercises. In a speech therapy kindergarten, this speech material has become especially useful for children with sound pronunciation and speech disorders. While playing “Tangram”, children memorized this material, reinforced and automated sounds in tongue twisters and tongue twisters. The children's speech was enriched and their memory was trained.
While playing “Tangram,” children’s quantitative skills were strengthened. (There are 5 triangles in total, 2 large triangles, 2 small triangles, 1 medium-sized triangle. There are 7 tans in the game in total).
Children practically mastered ordinal counting. So, if we count the tans of the “Rocket” picture from top to bottom, then the square is in fifth place, small triangles are in first and fourth place, the middle triangle is in third, large triangles are in sixth and seventh place<Приложение №1 >.
By counting tanas from top to bottom, from left to right, children practice orientation on a sheet of paper.
When composing this or that picture, children compare the size of the triangles, determine the place for small, large and medium triangles in the pictures of the game “Tangram”.
Children's knowledge of geometric shapes in this game (triangle, square and quadrangle) is constantly reinforced.
By playing and rearranging small cardboard figures, children train the small muscles of their hands and fingers.
In kindergarten speech therapy groups, work is carried out on lexical and grammatical topics, within the framework of which children’s knowledge about the world around them is clarified and consolidated. Pictures for the game “Tangram” have been developed on many topics (wild and domestic animals and birds, trees, houses, furniture, toys, dishes, transport, people, family, flowers, mushrooms, insects, fish, etc.). Pictures have been developed on the topic “Wild Animals”: hare, fox, wolf, bear, squirrel, lion, kangaroo<Приложение №1 >. By playing with pictures and laying them out, children learn a variety of speech material, and also reinforce and automate the sounds set by the speech therapist.
Dads often wonder: what to play with their child at home? Yes, so that the game would be beneficial for the development of the baby. Especially if this baby is already running around and chatting at the top of his lungs.
At a time when mothers love to play games to develop their child’s creative abilities (singing, drawing, sculpting with their baby), fathers are more often concerned about the logical and mathematical development of their child. So what should you play?
We offer you the “Tangram” puzzle game, which you, dear dads, can easily make for your children yourself. This game is often called a “cardboard puzzle” or “geometric construction game.” “Tangram” is one of the simple puzzles that a child from 3.5-4 years old can do, and by complicating the tasks, it can be interesting and useful for children 5-7 years old.
How to make a "Tangram"?
Making a puzzle is very simple. You need a square 8x8 cm. You can cut it out of cardboard, from smooth ceiling tiles (if left over after renovation) or from a plastic DVD movie box. The main thing is that this material is equally colored on both sides. Then the same square is cut into 7 parts. These should be: 2 large, 1 medium and 2 small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. Using all 7 parts, tightly attaching them to each other, you can create a lot of different figures based on samples and according to your own design.
How is play useful for a child?
Initially, "tangram" is a puzzle. It is aimed at developing logical, spatial and constructive thinking and intelligence.
As a result of these game exercises and tasks, the child will learn to analyze simple images, identify geometric shapes in them, visually break an entire object into parts and, conversely, compose a given model from elements.
So where to start?
Stage 1
To begin with, you can compose images from two or three elements. For example, make a square or a trapezoid from triangles. The child can be asked to count all the pieces, compare them by size, and find triangles among them.
Then you can simply put the parts next to each other and see what happens: a mushroom, a house, a Christmas tree, a bow, a candy, etc.
Stage 2
A little later, you can move on to exercises on folding figures according to a given example. In these tasks you need to use all 7 puzzle elements. It’s better to start by drawing up a hare - this is the simplest of the figures below.
Stage 3
A more difficult and interesting task for the children is to recreate images using contour samples. This exercise requires visual division of the form into its component parts, that is, into geometric shapes. Such tasks can be offered to children 5-6 years old.
This is more complicated - the figures of a person running and sitting.
These are the most difficult pieces in this puzzle. But after practice, we think your guys will be able to do them too.
Here children can collect images according to their own ideas. The picture is first conceived mentally, then the individual parts are assembled, after which the whole picture is created.
Dear dads, it is not at all necessary to spend money on expensive toys. Remember that the most expensive of all toys for a child may be those that you make for him yourself. And, of course, with whom you will play together.
More tasks with answers to the puzzle:
To organize classes, the following tools and accessories are needed: ruler, square, compass, scissors, pencil, cardboard.
- "Tangram"
"Tangram" is a simple game that will be interesting for children and adults. The success of mastering the game in preschool age depends on the level of sensory development of the child. Children should know not only the names of geometric shapes, but also their properties and distinctive features.
A square measuring 100x100 mm, covered on both sides with colored paper, is cut into 7 parts. The result is 2 large, 1 medium and 2 small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. The resulting figures are used to create various silhouettes.
Pythagoras puzzle
Cut a square measuring 7x7 cm into 7 parts. From the resulting figures, combine various silhouettes.
"Magic Circle"
The circle is cut into 10 parts. The rules of the game are the same as in other similar games: use all 10 parts to compose the silhouette, without overlapping one with the other. The cut circle should be colored equally on both sides.
Tangram (Chinese: 七巧板, pinyin qī qiǎo bǎn, lit. “seven tablets of mastery”) is a puzzle consisting of seven flat figures that are folded in a certain way to obtain another, more complex figure (depicting a person, an animal, a household item, letter or number, etc.). The figure that needs to be obtained is usually specified in the form of a silhouette or an external contour. When solving the puzzle, two conditions must be met: first, you must use all seven tangram shapes, and second, the shapes must not overlap each other.
Figures
The dimensions are given relative to a large square, the sides and area of which are taken equal to 1.
5 right triangles
· 2 small ones (with hypotenuse, equal and legs)
1 middle (hypotenuse and legs)
· 2 large (hypotenuse and legs)
1 square (with side)
1 parallelogram (with sides and and angles and)
Among these seven parts, the parallelogram is distinguished by its lack of mirror symmetry (it has only rotational symmetry), so that its mirror image can only be obtained by turning it over. This is the only part of the tangram that needs to be turned over to form certain shapes. When using a one-sided set (in which the pieces are not allowed to be flipped), there are pieces that can be folded, while their mirror image cannot.
Pedagogical significance of tangram
Promotes the development in children of the ability to play according to the rules and follow instructions, visual-figurative thinking, imagination, attention, understanding of color, size and shape, perception, combinatorial abilities.
The author of the book, known to many readers for his appearances in the press about raising children, talks about his experience of using educational games in his family, which allow him to successfully solve the problem of developing a child’s creative abilities.
The book contains a description of games that are a kind of “mental gymnastics”, detailed description methods of their implementation and manufacturing methods.
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. WHAT ARE DEVELOPMENTAL GAMES?
Educational games by Nikitin. Golden mean. Creators and performers. What kind of games does Nikitin have? How many games should you have? "Monkey"
CHAPTER 2. GAME “FOLD THE PATTERN”
When and how to start. Drawing tasks. Errors, help and tips. Not just patterns. Same, not the same. Same color. Dimensions. Check. One, many, several. Counting in order. More, less, equally. As many. Guess how much. Count down. Composition of numbers. Let's meet ten. Let's get acquainted with the numbers. Plus, minus, equal. Make-believe. We divide equally. Hide and seek with the score. We train and remember. Orientation in space. Paths and houses. Dictation with cubes. We are looking for treasure. Sequences. What changed? As it was? Perimeter and area. Figures and their sides. Getting to know the perimeter. Getting to know the square. Both perimeter and area. Combinatorics. Symmetry.
CHAPTER 3. MONTESSORI FRAMEWORKS AND INSERTS
Introduction to the game. We learn to close the “windows”. We close the “windows” ourselves. We draw frames and learn to paint. We draw frames and play. We outline the liners. Let's paint it over. Shading. “Recognize the figure by touch.” Insert by feel. Sort it out. Compare. Matches. "Beads." "House". We train attentiveness.
CHAPTER 4. “UNICUBE”, “FOLD A SQUARE” AND OTHER GAME SETS “Unicube”. "Fold a square."
Color, shape, size. Find similar. Angles. Length. What does it look like? Let's play Monkey. "Find the mistake." Draw with figures. Small copy. Initial geometry. Fill in the silhouette. What changed? As it was? Symmetry. "Bricks". "Cubes for everyone."
CHAPTER 5. NOW ATTENTION! "Attention". "Attention! Guess what?
CHAPTER 6. PLANS AND MAPS
Puppet plans. Room and apartment plan. Plan for the little ones. Plan of the surrounding area. My city. Games with real geographical maps. Games with a map hanging on the wall. Games with a card lying on the floor. Map in pieces. Travel games. Game "I know!" Guess what it is?
CHAPTER 7. WHAT TIME IS IT?
Getting to know the clock. Half an hour. How much was it? Five minutes. How to say? Schedule.
CHAPTER 8. MATHEMATICS WITH NIKITIN GAMES
"Fractions." We play with circles. Same and different. Big and small. From big to small. Let's play Monkey. As it was? Learning to count. Equally. Composition of numbers. Let's get acquainted with fractions. Numerator and denominator. From writing down numbers to counting in your head. Which part is colored? How much is missing? Whole and half. Compare fractions. Not just fractions. And again symmetry. "THERMOMETER" AND "NODES"
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES.
The text of the book itself occupies 104 pages. The rest of the appendix book is materials for games. Below are photos of individual pages of the book. For example, a page from the chapter “fold a pattern” and a page from the appendix to this game.
Photo of a couple of pages from the chapters “fractions” and “Montessori frames and inserts”
If you evaluate the book by content and style of presentation, I personally would give it a “5+”.
As can be seen from the content, the book discusses techniques for playing Nikitin games. Before purchasing this book, I already had Nikitin’s book “Intellectual Games”. Then I thought, is there still a need for a book if there is a primary source. Having bought the book, I answered myself unequivocally “yes”, because...
1. The book examines not only the games recommended by Nikitin, but also other games invented by Lena Danilova. It turns out that, having several games, you can play for a long time and in a variety of ways.
2. Applications are very useful. We ourselves have so far only used the applications for the “fold the pattern” game. It’s not so easy to start making Nikitin’s patterns right away. The appendix provides examples of drawings, starting with one cube and then increasing in complexity. There are applications for other games as well.
3. The book gives recommendations on how to interest a child if you can’t play right away (general recommendations are also given for specific games). Not all children want to play by the rules, and not all children are ready to show interest only when they see new game, parents of such children will find a lot of useful advice in the book.
Tangram in Chinese literally means "seven planks of skill." It is believed that this is one of the oldest puzzles in the history of human civilization, although this is the first time about this intellectual game was mentioned in a Chinese book during the reign of the seventh Manchu emperor of the Qing state, who ruled under the motto "Jiaqing - Beautiful and Joyful." And the word “tangram” first appeared in the European lexicon in 1848 in the brochure “Puzzles for Teaching Geometry” written by Thomas Hill, later president of Harvard University.
Considered a classic tangram, it consists of seven flat geometric shapes - two large, one medium and two small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. These figures are folded to form another, more complex figure. Often these figures depict a person in various movements, some animal or object, a letter or number. The figure that needs to be folded is given in the form of a silhouette or outline, and the task is to find a solution to how to place the geometric figures included in the tangram to get the desired result.
When finding a Tangram solution, two conditions must be met: first, all seven tangram figures must be used, and second, the figures must not overlap each other (superimpose each other).
As can be seen from history, the highly respected and smart people considered such a very simple-looking game to be a method of developing intelligence worthy of the closest attention. Try it too - buy a tangram and fold several figures from these seven polygons.
In addition to this type, there are other types of tangrams. They are all interesting and fun to find a solution. Try it yourself.
Puzzle "Tangram"
One of the most famous tangram fans is considered to be the world famous writer and mathematician Lewis Carroll, the same one to whom humanity owes the appearance of the various adventures of the girl Alice. He loved the game and often suggested problems to his friends from a Chinese book he owned with 323 problems.
He also wrote the book “Fashionable Chinese puzzle", in which he claimed that Napoleon Bonaparte, after his defeat and imprisonment on the island of St. Helena, spent time at the tangram "exercising his patience and resourcefulness." He had a classic ivory set of this logic game and a book with problems. Confirmation of this activity of Napoleon is in Jerry Slocum’s book “The Tangram Book”.
An equally famous person who liked to think about putting together a puzzle of seven separate figures was Edgar Allan Poe. This popular writer of detective stories with interesting stories often solved tangram puzzle problems.
We talked about only a few famous personalities who were passionate about this interesting logic game. We hope that buying the Tangram puzzle will now be more interesting. It is worth adding that the great variety of possible shapes from the seven geometric shapes is amazing - there are several thousand of them. Perhaps you can add a few more to them.
Tangram puzzle "Stomachion"(Archimedes' game)
The great thinker and mathematician Archimedes mentions this logic problem in his work, which is now called the Palimpsest of Archimedes. It contains the treatise of the same name “Stomachion”, which talks about such a concept as absolute infinity, as well as combinatorics and mathematical physics. About everything that in our modern era is an important section of computer science.
It is believed that Archimedes made attempts to find out the number of combinations with which it is possible to add up a perfect square from 14 segments. And only in 2003, with the help of a specially developed computer program American Bill Butler was able to calculate everything possible solutions. The mathematician came to the conclusion that this game has a total of 17,152 combinations, and given that the square cannot rotate and cannot have a mirror image, then there are “only” 536 options.
The puzzle game "Stomachion" is very similar to tangram and the main difference is the number and shape of the elements from which it consists. For all its simplicity, this logic game worthy of attention. The ancient Greeks and Arabs placed great importance on challenges and learning through it.
In addition to the task of finding 536 variants of the ideal Archimedes square, this logic game offers you to add different shapes from the 14 geometric shapes that make it up. Try to put together the figures of humans, animals and objects. This is actually not a simple task as it might seem at first glance. The rules are simple: all elements of the Stomachion puzzle can be turned in any direction and all of them must be used.
Do-it-yourself tangram (game patterns, figures)
Tangram is an ancient oriental puzzle made from figures obtained by cutting a square into 7 parts in a special way: 2 large triangles, one medium one, 2 small triangles, a square and a parallelogram. As a result of folding these parts together, flat figures are obtained, the contours of which resemble all kinds of objects, from humans, animals to tools and household items. These types of puzzles are often called "geometric puzzles", "cardboard puzzles" or "cut puzzles".
With a tangram, a child will learn to analyze images, identify geometric shapes in them, learn to visually break an entire object into parts, and vice versa - to compose a given model from elements, and most importantly - to think logically.
How to make a tangram
A tangram can be made from cardboard or paper by printing a template and cutting along the lines. You can download and print the tangram square diagram by clicking on the picture and selecting “print” or “save image as...”.
It is possible without a template. We draw a diagonal in the square - we get 2 triangles. We cut one of them in half into 2 small triangles. Mark the middle on each side of the second large triangle. We cut off the middle triangle and other shapes using these marks.
A more practical and durable tangram can be cut from a rigid office folder or a plastic DVD box. You can complicate your task a little by cutting out a tangram from pieces of different felt, stitching them along the edges, or even from plywood or wood.
How to play tangram
Each piece of the game must be made up of seven tangram parts, and they must not overlap.
The easiest option for children is to assemble the figures according to the diagrams (answers) laid out into elements, like a mosaic. A little practice, and the child will learn to make figures according to the pattern-contour and even come up with his own figures according to the same principle.
Schemes and figures of the tangram game
Recently, tangrams have been often used by designers. The most successful use of tangram is perhaps as furniture. There are tangram tables, transformable upholstered furniture, and cabinet furniture. All furniture built on the tangram principle is quite comfortable and functional. It can change depending on the mood and desire of the owner. How many different options and combinations can be made from triangular, square and quadrangular shelves. When purchasing such furniture, along with instructions, the buyer is given several sheets with pictures on different topics that can be folded from these shelves. In the living room you can hang shelves in the shape of people, in the nursery you can put cats, hares and birds from the same shelves, and in the dining room or library - the drawing can be on a construction theme - houses, castles, temples.
Here is such a multifunctional tangram.
It is noteworthy that the word “tangram” itself is actually ancient English word, composed of two parts - “tan” - Chinese and “gram” - Greek for “letter”. In China, the game is called Chi-Chao-Tu (7 cunning figures).
The essence of this puzzle is to fold 7 geometric tanram shapes into different silhouettes, as well as inventing new ones. Imagine, it is estimated that 7,000 different combinations can be made from tangram elements. When solving the puzzle, you must follow only 2 rules: first, you must use all 7 tangram figures, and second, the figures must not overlap each other.
What are the benefits of tangram?
Folding according to tangram patterns promotes the development of perseverance, attention, imagination, logical thinking, helps to create a whole from parts and at the same time foresee the result of one’s activities, teaches to follow the rules and act according to instructions. All these skills are necessary for a child while studying at school, and in adult life.
Tangram: patterns for primary schoolchildren
For young children, it is best to offer simple and interesting tangram patterns, such as animal silhouettes. We suggest bringing together a cat, carp, camel, fox, turkey and duck with your children. Please note that one picture can be changed quite a bit by moving several figures, and the assembled animal changes position, that is, it seems to come to life.
Kitty
Carp and camel
Chanterelle
Duck and turkey
For you a detailed description of the tangram pattern with the image of a hare.
1. Let's start making the first figure of our hare from the head - a square. Let's attach the ears to the head: a medium-sized triangle and a parallelogram. We will make the body from 2 large triangles, and the legs from small ones.
2. Our bunny got scared of something and changed his shape: he pressed his ears and folded his paws. Let's lay out the body from 2 large triangles, connecting them in the shape of a parallelogram. We will attach a head from a square to the body, and ears from a parallelogram to the head. All that remains is to make the legs from 2 small and 1 medium triangle.
3. The hare stopped being afraid and decided to look out from behind the bush: he pricked up his ears (parallelogram and middle triangle), and he also had a tail - a small triangle.
This is what a fox looks like chasing a hare.
Tangram patterns for high school students
A fifth-grader can already safely take on more complex tangram patterns - images of people in motion. Also, children of this age will surely love the intricate silhouettes of numbers and letters.
Tangram develops abstract thinking well, so it will be useful for preschoolers who are preparing for school and.
Tangram in design
Adults can not only play tangram with children, but also go further - use the technique of this puzzle in design. You can decorate the interior in an original and beautiful way bookshelves in the form of tangram figures.
Embody your most interesting ideas, it all depends only on your imagination.
This is ancient Chinese game. If you divide the square into seven geometric shapes, as shown in the figure, then from them you can make up a huge number (several hundred) of a wide variety of silhouettes: a person, household items, toys, various types of transport, numbers, letters.
The game is very easy to make. A square (its size can be almost any: 5×5, 7×7, 10×10, 12×12 cm, etc.) made of cardboard or plastic, equally colored on both sides, is cut into 7 parts. The result is 2 large, 1 medium and 2 small triangles, a square equal in size to two small triangles, and a parallelogram equal in area to a square.
Rules of the game:
1. Each assembled figure must include all seven elements.
2. When composing figures, elements should not overlap each other.
3. The elements of the figures must be adjacent to one another.
When making silhouettes, the adult constantly reminds the children that they need to use all parts of the set, attaching them tightly to each other.
An adult can use some techniques that will help a preschooler achieve the best results: offer an analysis of the sample as a whole or its most complex part, indicate the location of one or two figures in the silhouette being compiled, start laying out, and then invite the child to finish the silhouette or, conversely, complete it , which was started by a child. You should constantly confirm the correctness of the child’s train of thought and actions, encourage him to plan the course of his work, discuss methods of laying out and results, encourage the desire to complete the work started, overcoming difficulties in achieving the goal, fulfilling the plan.
Helping a child should be tactful, encouraging independence, activity, perseverance, and proactive actions leading to achieving results. It is better to avoid direct instructions on what and how to do. The following advice to children is appropriate: “Look (examine) the picture carefully. What shapes is it made of?”, “Try to do it again, but in a different way,” “Remember how you laid it out last time, and start the same way,” “First, think carefully, and then do it.”
The game “Tangram” arouses great interest in children, promotes the development of analytical, synthetic and planning activities, opens up new opportunities for improving sensory skills, developing creative, productive thinking, as well as moral and volitional qualities of the individual.
The history of this game is interesting. Almost two and a half thousand years ago, the middle-aged Emperor of China gave birth to a long-awaited son and heir. Years passed. The boy grew up healthy and smart beyond his years. The boy took great pleasure in playing with toys all day long. And then the emperor called to himself three wise men, one of whom was known as a mathematician, another became famous as an artist, and the third was a famous philosopher. And he ordered them to come up with a game, by playing with which, his son would comprehend the beginnings of mathematics, learn to look at the world around him with the gaze of an artist, become patient like a true philosopher, and also understand that complex things are often made up of simple things. Three wise men came up with “Shi-Chao-Tyu” - a square cut into seven parts.
Stages of mastering the game "Tangram"
First stage - familiarization with the set of figures for the game, transforming them in order to create a new one from 2-3 existing ones.
I.
Target. Exercise children in comparing triangles by size, making new geometric shapes from them: squares, quadrangles, triangles.
Material: The children have sets of figures for the game “Tangram”, the teacher has a flannelograph and a set of figures for it.
Progress. The teacher invites the children to look at a set of figures, name them, count them and determine the total number. Gives tasks:
1. Select all triangles and count. Compare by size, placing one on top of the other.
Questions for analysis: “How many large triangles of the same size are there? How many little ones? Compare this triangle (medium size) with the large and small ones. (It is larger than the smallest and smaller than the largest available.) How many triangles are there and what size are they?” (Two large, 2 small and 1 medium sized.)
2. Take 2 large triangles and make them up in sequence: square, triangle, quadrangle. One of the children makes figures on a flannelgraph. The teacher asks to name the newly obtained figure and say what figures it is made of.
3. Make the same shapes from 2 small triangles, placing them differently in space.
4. Make a quadrilateral from large and medium-sized triangles.
Questions for analysis: “What figure will we make? How? (Let’s attach the middle one to the large triangle or vice versa.) Show the sides and angles of the quadrilateral, each individual figure.”
As a result, the teacher generalizes: “You can make different new shapes from triangles - squares, quadrangles, triangles. The figures join one another on the sides.” (Shows on flannelgraph)
II.
Target. To train children in the ability to create new geometric shapes from existing ones according to a model and design.
Material: for children - sets of figures for the game "Tangram". The teacher has a flannelgraph and tables with geometric figures depicted on them.
Progress. Children, having examined the figures, divide them according to the teacher’s instructions into 2 groups: triangles and quadrangles.
The teacher explains that this is a set of figures for a game, it is called a puzzle or tangram; so she was named after the scientist; who invented the game. You can create many interesting images.
1.Make a quadrilateral from the large and middle triangles.
2.Make a new figure from a square and 2 small triangles. (First - a square, then - a quadrangle.).
3.Make a new figure from 2 large and medium triangles. (Pentagon and quadrilateral.)
4. The teacher shows the tables and asks the children to make the same figures (see figure). Children consistently make figures, tell how they made them, and name them.
The teacher composes them on a flannelgraph.
The task is given to compose several figures according to the children’s own ideas.
So, at the first stage of mastering the game “Tangram”, a series of exercises are carried out aimed at developing in children spatial concepts, elements of geometric imagination, at developing practical skills in composing new figures by attaching one of them to another, the ratio of the sides of the figures in size. The tasks are modified. Children make new figures according to a model, an oral assignment, or a plan. They are asked to complete the task in terms of presentation, and then practically: “What figure can be made from 2 triangles and 1 square? Say it first, then make it up.”
Second phase - drawing up silhouette figures based on dissected samples. The second stage of working with children is the most important for them to learn more complex ways of composing figures in the future. Games should be effectively used by the teacher not only for the purpose of practicing the arrangement of parts of a composing figure, but also to introduce children to visual and mental analysis of the model.
Drawing a silhouette figure of a hare
Target. Teach children to analyze the way the parts are arranged, to compose a silhouette figure, focusing on the model.
Material: for children - a set of figures for the game “Tangram”, sample.
Progress. The teacher shows the children a sample silhouette figure of a hare (see figure) and says: “Look carefully at the hare and tell me how it is composed. What geometric shapes are the hare’s body, head, and legs made of?” It is necessary to name the figure and its size, since the triangles that make up the hare (shows) are of different sizes; invites several children to answer.
R. The hare's head is made of a square, the ear is made of a quadrangle, the body is made of two triangles, and the paws are also made of triangles.
IN. Did Kolya say it correctly? If you notice any errors, correct them.
The teacher asks another child to tell.
R. The body should be made of 2 large triangles, the paw (this one) should be made of a middle triangle and a small one, and the other one should be made of a small triangle.
IN. Now look at what geometric figure 2 large triangles form. Show the sides and angles of this figure.
R. This is a quadrilateral (shows its outline, counts the angles, sides).
IN. What shape does the middle and small triangle form together?
R. This is a quadrangle, here (shows) not like a rectangle.
IN. So we looked at how a hare is composed, what shapes the body, head, and paws are made of. Now take your sets and make them. Whoever completes the task, check whether it was completed correctly.
After the figure is compiled, the teacher asks two children to tell how they composed the figure, that is, name the location of the component parts in order.
R. I made it up like this: the head and ear are from a square and a quadrangle, the body is from 2 large triangles, the paws are from a medium and small triangle, and 1 paw is from a small triangle.
R. My ear is made of a quadrangle, my head is made of a square, my paw is made of a triangle, my body is made of large triangles, my paws - these ones - are made of 2 triangles.
In this case, the analysis of the sample was carried out under the guidance of a teacher. In the future, children should be encouraged to independently analyze the figure and compose it.
Third stage mastering the game - recreating figures based on contour patterns (undivided)
Recreating the silhouette figure of a running goose
Target. Teach children to presumably tell the way the parts are arranged in the figure they are composing, and to plan the course of the composition.
Material: sets of figures for the game “Tangram”, flannelgraph, sample, board and chalk.
Progress. The teacher draws the children’s attention to the sample: “Look carefully at this sample. The figure of a running goose can be made from 7 parts of the game. We must first tell you how this can be done. What geometric shapes can be used to make the body, head, neck, and legs of a goose?”
R. I think that the body is made up of 2 large triangles, the head is made of a small triangle, the neck is made of a square, and the paws are triangles.
R. I think that the head is made from the middle triangle, and then everything is the same as Lena said.
R. The head is from a middle triangle, the neck is from a square, and the body is from 2 large triangles, this is how they lie (shows), and a quadrangle, and the legs are from small triangles.
IN. Take the shapes and make them. And we will find out which of the guys is right.
After most of the children have made a silhouette of a goose, the teacher calls one child, who draws the location of the parts with chalk on the board. All children compare the figures they have made with the image on the board.
In the future, it is possible to analyze a sample of a composing figure not at the beginning of the lesson, but during it, when children test various ways of composing on the basis of a supposed independent analysis.
Fourth stage - exercises in composing images according to your own plans. Having decided to compose any image, mentally, in terms of representation, they divide it into its component parts, correlating them with the shape of tangrams, and then compose it.
